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FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 9. Dimorphism in Melaenus elegans Dejean. A, Relationship between variation in the ratios 0L/VW and HW/PMW for B, microphthalmous, and C, euphthalmous, specimens.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 10. Geographical range of the species of Melaenus Dejean illustrated on an outline map of southwestern Asia, southern Europe, and Africa.

FIGURE 15 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 15. Structural features of Cymbionotum fernandezi, new species (A–E) and C. negrei Perrault (F) illustrated with line drawings. A, left hind wing, dorsal aspect. B, male genitalia: phallus, left lateral aspect, with endophallus partially everted; C–D left and right paramere; respectively, ventral aspect. E, female genitalia, ventral aspect. F, male genitalia, left lateral aspect. Legend: wing veins and cells AA1+ 2, anal vein 1 + 2; MP3 and MP4, posterior median veins 3 and 4, respectively; o, oblongum cell; RA4, anterior radial vein 4; RP2, posterior radial vein. Male genitalia: eph, endophallus; ph, phallus; x, sclerite x of endophallus. Female genitalia: bc, bursa copulatrix; co, common oviduct; di, spermathecal diverticulum; gc 1 and 2, gonocoxite 1 and 2, respectively; lt, laterotergite of abdominal segment IX; sp, spermatheca; spd, spermathecal duct. Scale bars: A and E = 1.0 mm; and B–D and F, = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 8. Structural features of Melaenus piger Fabricius illustrated with line drawings. A, left hind wing with venation, dorsal aspect. B–D, phallus and endophallus, in part. Legend: wing veins and cells—AA1+2 and AA3+4, anal veins 1+2 and 3+4, respectively; MP3 and MP4, posterior median veins 3 and 4, respectively; o, oblongum cell; RA4, anterior radial vein 4; RP2 and RP3+4, posterior radial veins 2 and 3+4, respectively; w, wedge cell. Male genitalia: x, sclerite x of endophallus. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 14. Pronotum, dorsal aspect, of Cymbionotum species, illustrating subgeneric differences with outline drawings. A, C. (Procoscinia) fernandezi, new species. B, C. (Cymbionotum) semelederi Chaudoir. Legend: pep, proepipleuron. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 7. Structural features of Melaenus piger Fabricius illustrated with SEM photographs. A, B, left maxilla, dorsal and ventral aspect, respectively; C, D, labium, ventral and dorsal aspect, respectively; E, F, left middle tibia, apical portion, and basal portion of tarsomere 1, anterior aspect, E—low magnification, F—high magnification, showing microsculpture; G, middle tarsomere 5, apical portion, and claws, ventral aspect; H–K, ovipositor, left gonocoxa—H, gonocoxa 1 and 2; I– K, gonocoxite 1, apical portion and gonocoxite 2, lateral, dorsal and ventral aspects, respectively. Legend: c, cardo; cs, coeloconic sensillum; ats, anterior tibial spur; avl, apical ventral lobe of t5; css, clamshell sensillum; dls, dorsal lobe of stipes; e, epilobe of mentum; es, ensiform seta; g1, galeomere 1; g2, galeomere 2; gc1, gonocoxite 1; gc2, gonocoxite 2; gs, glossal apical seta; gsap, glossal sclerite, apical portion; gsbp, glossal sclerite, basal portion; gsc, glossal sclerite; gsmp, glossal sclerite, medial portion; ifs, inner face sculpticell; lc, lacinia; lct, lacinial tooth; ll, lateral lobe of mentum; lp1, labial palpomere 1; lp2, labial palpomere 2; lp3, labial palpomere 3; m, mentum; mp2, maxillary palpomere 2; mp3, maxillary palpomere 3; mp4, maxillary palpomere 4; ms, paramedial seta of mentum; msms, mentalsubmental suture; mt, mental tooth; mtb, middle tibial brush; ns, nematiform seta; ofs, outer fimbriate sculpture; pf, palpifer; pfs, palpiferal seta; pg, paraglossa; pge, palpiger; pts, posterior tibial spur; sm, submentum; sms, submental seta; ssf, subapical sensory furrow; ta1, tarsomere 1; tc, tarsal claw; up, unguitractor plate; va, ventral articulation; vls, ventral lobe of stipes; vtls, ventrolateral seta. Scale bars: A–E and G–K = 100 µm; F = 10 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 4. Generalized distribution of members of the Tribe Melaenini illustrated with crosshatching on a Winkel's 'Tripel' Projection map of the world.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 5. Antenna and elytron of Melaenus piger Fabricius illustrated with SEM photographs. A, antennomeres 1–3, anterior aspect. B, antennomere 3, illustrating ridged microsculpture. C, antennomeres 6 and 7, posterior aspect, illustrating form and setation. D, antennomere 6, illustrating setae and medial longitudinal carina. E, left elytron, dorsal aspect, illustrating form and striation. F and G, left elytron, dorsal aspect, illustrating microsculpture mesh pattern, punctation and setation. Legend: A2, A3, A6 and A7, antennomeres 2, 3, 6 and 7; ac, antennal carina; mtr, microtrichial ridge; qfs, quadrifurcate seta; sp, strial puncture. Scale bars: A, C and F = 100 µm; B, D and G = 10 µm; and E = 1mm.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 1. Photographs illustrating dorsal habitus: A, Melaenus piger Fabricius (SBL 7.33 mm); B, Cymbionotum fernandezi, new species (SBL 3.96 mm).

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 2. Elytra of Cymbionotum species. SEM photographs illustrating setal length. A, left elytron, dorsal aspect, of C. fernandezi, new species. B–F, portions of left elytra, dorsolateral aspect, of: B, C. pictulum Bates; C, C. semelederi Chaudoir; D, C. striatum Reitter, E, C. fernandezi, new species; and F, C. semirubricum Reitter. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; B–F = 100 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 3. Elytra of Cymbionotum species. SEM photographs of sections of elytral discs in anterior one third, illustrating density of elytral punctation: A, C. striatum Reitter; B, C. semelederi Chaudoir; C, C. schueppelii Dejean; D, C. pictulum Bates; E, C. semirubricum Reitter; and F, C. fernandezi, new species. Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 12. Structural features of Cymbionotum fernandezi, new species, illustrated with SEM photographs. A–H, mandibles: A, D, lateral aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; B, C, dorsal aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; E, H, occlusal aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; and F, G, ventral aspect, left and right mandible, respectively. I, J, labrum, dorsal and ventral aspect, respectively. K,L, left maxilla, ventral and dorsal aspects, respectively. Legend: aog, anterior occlusal groove; art, anterior retinacular tooth; as, apical seta; b; basal portion of mandible; bb; basal brush; bemr, basal extension of molar ridge; c, cardo; cr, crepis; cs, coeloconic sensillum; dgs, dorsal groove of scrobe; dls, dorsal lobe of stipes; eps, extra parapedial seta; g1, galeomere 1; g2, galeomere 2; it, incisor tooth; lc, lacinia; lct, lacinial tooth; lps, lateral parapedial seta; mp2, maxillary palpomere 2; mp3, maxillary palpomere 3; mp4, maxillary palpomere 4; mps, medial parapedial seta; mr, molar ridge; mt, molar tooth; mtr, microtrichia; omr, occlusal part of molar ridge; ped, pedium; pf, palpifer; pfs, palpiferal seta; pmr, premolar ridge; pmt, premolar tooth; pog, posterior occlusal groove; pp, parapedial projection; pr, parapedial ridge; prt, posterior retinacular tooth; pss, primary scrobal seta; rr, retinacular ridge; s, scrobe; sss, secondary scrobal seta; svg, secondary ventral groove; t, terebra; tr, terebral ridge; tt, terebral tooth; vd, ventral depression; vg, ventral groove; vls, ventral lobe of stipes. Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 11. Heads and antennae of Cymbionotum species illustrated with SEM photographs: A–C, head, dorsal aspect of: A, C. semelederi, Fabricius; B, C. microphthalmum Chaudoir; C, C. helferi Chaudoir. D–G, left antenna of: D, C. semirubricum Reitter (antennomeres 1–3, anterior aspect); E, C. striatum Reitter (antennomeres 1–3 and base of 4); F and G, C. semirubricum and C. striatum, respectively (antennomeres 6 and 7, posterior aspect). Legend: A2, A3, A6 and A7, antennomeres 2, 3, 6 and 7; ct, clypeal tooth; poi, postocular impression. Scale bars: A–C = 1.0 mm; D–G = 100µm.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic review of the Tribe Melaenini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with observations on morphological, ecological and chorological evolution

FIGURE 6. Structural features of Melaenus piger Fabricius illustrated with SEM photographs. A– I, mandibles: A, D, lateral aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; B, C, dorsal aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; E, H, occlusal aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; and F, G, ventral aspect, left and right mandible, respectively; I, scrobe of left mandible, microsculpture. J, K, labrum, dorsal and ventral aspect, respectively. Legend: art, anterior retinacular tooth; as, apical seta; b; basal portion of mandible; bb; basal brush; bemr, basal extension of molar ridge; cr, crepis; cs, coeloconic sensillum; dgs, dorsal groove of scrobe; dts, dorsal terebral sulcus; eps, extra parapedial seta; fs, fimbriate sculpticell; it, incisor tooth; lps, lateral parapedial seta; mps, medial parapedial seta; mr, molar ridge; mt, molar tooth; mtr, microtrichia; omr, occlusal part of molar ridge; ped, pedium; pog, posterior occlusal groove; pp, parapedial projection; pr, parapedial ridge; prt, posterior retinacular tooth; rr, retinacular ridge; s, scrobe; so, sense organ; ss, scrobal seta; svg, secondary ventral groove; t, terebra; tr, terebral ridge; tt, terebral tooth; vcs, ventral condylar sulcus; vg, ventral groove; vts, ventral terebral sulcus. Scale bars: A–H and J–K = 100 µm; I = 10 µm.

FIGURE 8. Character optimizations onto a 50 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

FIGURE 8. Character optimizations onto a 50% majority-rule Bayesian tree based on a plastid phylogeny (modified from Simon et al. 2011). The evolution of glandular trichomes (a) and branched trichomes (b) are mapped onto the phylogeny using unordered parsimony optimization. Letters close to nodes correspond to main clades as in Simon et al. (2011), and vertical bars correspond to outgroups. Terminals with two or more states are represented by several squares. Please refer to Simon et al. (2011) for details on species names and clades.

FIGURE 6 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

FIGURE 6. SEM and LM micrographs of non-glandular branched trichomes of Mimosa species. (A-C) M. diversipila, plumose trichomes on leaflet. (D-F) M. diversipila, barbellate trichomes on stem. (G, H) M. trianae, stellate trichome on leaflet. (I) M. verrucosa, transverse section showing unicellular radii. (J-L) M. schomburgkii, stellate trichome on leaflet. (M) M. schomburgkii, stellate-lepidote trichomes on corolla. (N, O) M. dalyi, lepidote trichome on leaflet. (N) General aspect of indumentum. (O) Detail of trichome showing the irregular outline.

FIGURE 7 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

FIGURE 7. Indumentum diversity in Mimosa. (A, E) M. coruscocaesia. (B) M. verrucosa. (C) M. cyclophylla Taub. (D) Mimosa sp. (F) M. setosa Benth. (G) M. debilis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (H) M. diversipila. (I) M. aff. dichroa. (J) M. schomburgkii. (K) M. lewisii. (L) M. pseudoradula Glaz. ex Barneby. (M, N) M. pigra L. (O) M. sensitiva L. (P) M. claussenii Benth. Images by Juliana Santos.

FIGURE 3 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

FIGURE 3. SEM and LM micrographs of sessile glandular trichomes of abaxial leaflets of Mimosa species. (A) M. adenophylla. (B) M. pteridifolia. (C) M. schomburgkii. (D) M. gemmulata. (E) M. hebecarpa. (F) M. nothopteris. (G) M. gemmulata. (H) M. trianae. (I) M. apodocarpa.

FIGURE 5 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

FIGURE 5. SEM and LM micrographs of non-glandular branched trichomes of Mimosa species. (A-E) M. scabrella, verruciform trichomes. (A) General aspect of fruit surface. (B) Verruciform trichome. (C) Detail of trichome, showing the numerous, unicellular branches that cover the surface of the stalk. (D) Transverse section of fruit, general aspect. (E) Detail of transverse section showing conical stalk. (F) M. schomburgkii, verruciform trichome on midrib. (G, H) M. verrucosa, verruciform trichomes. (G) General aspect of trichome showing numerous branches. (H) Detail of central portion of trichome. (I-L) M. coruscocaesia. (I) Stem surface showing indumentum of medusiform trichomes and sessile glandular trichomes. (J, L) General aspect of medusiform trichomes, showing the cylindrical stalks. (K) Detail of trichome.

FIGURE 2 in Evolution of trichome morphology in Mimosa (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)

FIGURE 2. SEM and LM micrographs of non-glandular unbranched trichomes of leaflets of Mimosa species. (A) M. adenophylla, adaxial surface. (B) M. acutistipula, adaxial surface. (C) M. gemmulata, transverse section. (D) M. pteridifolia, margin. (E) M. dalyi, abaxial surface. (F) M. tenuiflora, adaxial surface. (G) M. ophthalmocentra, adaxial surface. (H) M. gemmulata, adaxial surface. (I) M. dalyi, adaxial surface. (J) M. hapaloclada, margin. (K) M. glutinosa, adaxial surface. (L) M. insignis, adaxial surface.