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Fig. 41 in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic

Fig. 41. Georeferenced collection records of Lasioglossum (D.) griswoldi Gibbs, 2009 (black squares) and predicted distribution by maximum entropy ecological niche modeling in Maxent (colour shading). Warmer colours indicate higher cloglog probability of occurrence.

Fig. 5 in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic

Fig. 5. Ordination plot of redundancy analysis of morphometrics. A–C. ♀♀. D–F. ♂♂. A–C and D–F depict the same plot and analysis; three groups of species are each shown separately for ease of interpretation. Characters are represented by open black circles. Crosshairs indicate centroids for species clusters.

Fig. 33 in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic

Fig. 33. Georeferenced collection records of Lasioglossum (D.) decorum sp. nov. (black squares) and predicted distribution by maximum entropy ecological niche modeling in Maxent (colour shading). Warmer colours indicate higher cloglog probability of occurrence. Due to the very small number of records, this distribution should be interpreted with caution.

Fig. 3. Clypeus apicolateral denticles. A in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic

Fig. 3. Clypeus apicolateral denticles. A. Lasioglossum (D.) minckleyi sp. nov., acute points. B. L. (D.) arenisaltans sp. nov., low knobs.

Fig. 1 in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic

Fig. 1. Colour variation in the metasoma of Lasioglossum (D.) hudsoniellum (Cockerell, 1919). A. Yellow-orange. B. Red-orange. C. Reddish brown. D. Black. "Red-tailed" Lasioglossum (Dialictus) are considered to be any species with natural colour matching A or B.

Fig. 4 in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic

Fig. 4. Head morphometric measurements and examples of variation in face length/width ratios. A. Face short (length/width ratio ~0.75). Dotted lines and arrows show face length and width measurements. B. Face round (length/width ratio ~0.85). Dotted lines and arrows show supraclypeal area length and width measurements. C. Face long (length/width ratio ~0.95). Dotted lines and arrows show clypeus length and lower interocular distance measurements.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Debris thickness measurements from various glaciers in the Western Alps

Debris thickness measurements collected from seven debris-covered glaciers in Switzerland and Italy in 2019 and 2020. Only data from Miage Glacier was measured in September 2020 all others were measured in August and September in 2019. The RGI Glacier ID is the first cell in each sheet. Location data is reported in decimal degrees. All debris thickness data is in centimeters and elevation data is in meters. Debris was measured by digging through the debris and then directly measuring the debris thickness with a measuring stick. The mean thickness is the most likely average thickness based on 3 measurements within a ~4x4m area. The 'min' measurement is the minimum debris thickness. The 'max' measurement is the absolute maximum estimate of the mean debris thickness, meaning that this estimate is that absolute maximum of the mean debris thickness. This value is determined based on the thickness of the largest non-outlier debris thickness in the area. Three measurements were taken for the mean value and 1 each for the max/min bounds. To save time, sites with mean thicknesses larger than 20 cm the extreme bounds are based on the minimum and maximum measurements within the single hole dug.  Elevation data are based on a hand held GPS and this value was only recorded for some debris thickness measurements.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Annual Snow Timing Index Rasters for the Western US and Alaska, WY2001-2019

Here, a collection of rasters describing annual snow onset (SO), snow cover duration (SCD), and day of snow disappearance (DSD) for WY2001-2019 over Alaska, Canada, and the Western United States (boundary box: -152W, -100W, 32N, 68N) are available. Units are in calendar Day of Year (DOY) for SO and DSD, and in days for SCD. Filenames follow the convention, "index_west_threshold_spatialsubdomain.tif". For example, "SCD_west_5-0000005376-0000005376.tif" indicates the file contains snow cover duration raster data obtained using a 5% threshold. Spatial subdomain naming convention is described below. These data accompany a manuscript entitled, "Investigating the Relationship Between Peak Snow-Water Equivalent and Snow Timing Indices in the Western U.S. and Alaska". A diagnostic model of peak SWE as a function of remotely sensed snow timing indices (the dataset provided here) was developed in the course of this study to address the following questions: 1) Are peak SWE and snow timing related?; 2) How does this relationship vary across the western United States?; and 3) What meteorological and topographical conditions affect this relationship? These rasters were created in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) from the MODIS MOD10A1 v006 product (MODIS/Terra Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 500m SIN Grid, Version 6). From the initial daily fSCA product, a moving median window (i.e., a low-pass filter) of filter length k=25 days was applied to obtain a binary snow cover series using fractional cover threshold of 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% such that the timing indices may be extracted. The filter length smooths out small-scale short-lived snow deposition events that obscure snow timing. Pixels without seasonal snowpack (i.e., persistent year-round snow or little to no snow) were masked: within a given water year, pixels that 1) show no onset of snow between the 272nd day of year and end of calendar year (corresponding with the typical N. hemisphere timeframe for the start of snow accumulation), and/or 2) do not melt out between start of calendar year and the 272nd day of year (typical timeframe for the end of snowmelt) were masked. SCD was calculated as (DSD + 365 days - SO). Because of the large file size, rasters were split up spatially into multiple files by the GEE, and follow the naming convention for large file exports listed here: https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/guides/exporting. As stated, "the filename of each tile will be in the form baseFilename-yMin-xMin where xMin and yMin are the coordinates of each tile within the overall bounding box of the exported image." Each band represents a different water year and is labeled as such, e.g. "DSD_2001".

FIG. 15 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 15. — Viperinae ('Oriental vipers' group) from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1994 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1506 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) with an indication of bifurcation in the distal tip of the hypapophysis in left lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H), cranial (I) and caudal (J) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; hy, hypapophysis; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; pp, parapophyseal process; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scr, subcentral ridge; sctt, subcotylar tubercle; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 13 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 13. — Vipera sp. ('European vipers' group) from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 2022 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C) and cranial (D) views. Trunk vertebra Pal. 2023 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in left lateral (E), dorsal (F), cranial (G) and caudal (H) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hy, hypapophysis; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 10 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 10. — "Colubrinae" indet., type 1 from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1464 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1465 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H), cranial (I) and caudal (J) views. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1466 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in left lateral (K) and ventral (L) views. Caudal vertebra Pal. 1966 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in right lateral (M), dorsal (N), ventral (O) and cranial (P) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; es, epizypapophyseal spine; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pl, pleurapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 12 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 12. — Natrix sp. and "Natricinae" indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Natrix sp.: trunk vertebra Pal. 1968 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in left lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. "Natricinae" indet.: trunk vertebra Pal. 1483 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) with preserved hypapophysis in left lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H) and caudal (I) views. Abbreviations: ak, anterior keel; cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; es, epizypapophyseal spine; hy, hypapophysis; lf, lateral foramen;nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; po, postzygapophysis;pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 9. — Coluber (s.l.) sp., from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Anterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1454 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Middle trunk vertebra Pal. 1456 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in left lateral (F), dorsal (G), ventral (H), cranial (I) and caudal (J) views. Anterior caudal vertebra Pal. 1462 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (K), dorsal (L), ventral (M), cranial (N) and caudal (O) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; hy, hypapophysis; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pl, pleurapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 8 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 8. — Python sp. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1449 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hk, haemal keel; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pd, paradiapophysis; po, postzygapophysis; pof, post zygapophyseal articular facet; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyf, zygosphenal facet; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 7. — Bavarioboa cf. hermi from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Posterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1448 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in left lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Abbreviations: ct, cotyle; hk, haemal keel; ir, interzygapophyseal ridge; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pd, paradiapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 6 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 6. — Ophisaurus and Anguinae indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1407 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) of Ophisaurus sp. in (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral, (D) anterior and (E) posterior aspects. Anguinae indet.: right coronoid Pal. 1408 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in (F) lateral, (G) medial and (H) dorsal aspects. Osteoderms Pal. 1577-1579 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (I-K) external aspects. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process; amp, anteromedial process; cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; dp, dorsal process; mr, medial ridge; muc, muscular crest; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; nt, notch; os, overlap surface; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; pp, posterior process; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; rd, ridge; scs, scupltured surface; syn, synapophysis. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 11 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 11. — Colubridae gen. et sp. indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1484 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views. Abbreviations: ct, cotyle; d, diapophysis; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; zy, zygosphene. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 3. — Amphisbaenia indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. The trunk vertebra Pal. 1570 (2/2003 Reptile Joint) in (A) lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) ventral, (D) anterior and (E) posterior aspects. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; nc, neural canal; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular fac- et; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; syn, synapophysis. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 16 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 16. — Elapidae gen. et sp. indet. from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1500 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) views. Abbreviations: cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hy, hypapophysis; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; sctt, subcotylar tubercle; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 14 in Early Miocene squamate assemblage from the Mokrá-Western Quarry (Czech Republic) and its palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications

FIG. 14. — Viperinae ('Oriental vipers' group) from the early Miocene (MN 4) of MWQ. Left maxilla Pal. 1501 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in rostral (A) and caudal (B) views. Fang Pal. 1502 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in anterolateral (C) view. Anterior trunk vertebra Pal. 1503 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), ventral (F) and cranial (G) views. Trunk vertebra Pal. 1504 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (H) and cranial (I) views. Vertebra from the middle part of the trunk section Pal. 1505 (1/2001 Turtle Joint) in right lateral (J), dorsal (K), ventral (L), cranial (M) and caudal (N) views. Abbreviations: can.den, dental canal; cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; fac. ecpt, facet for contact with ectopterygoid; hy, hypapophysis; ir, interzygapophyseal ridge; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pctf, paracotylar foramen; pd, paradiapophysis; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; pp, parapophyseal process; pr, prezygapophysis; pr.asc, ascending process; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; r, ridge; scf, subcentral foramen; scg, subcentral groove; scr, subcentral ridge; sctc, subcotylar canal; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bars: A-C, 2 mm; D-N, 5 mm.