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Figure 3 in 'Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae)
Figure 3. Cheiracanthium iranicum sp. n., holotype male. (a) Dorsal habitus. (b) Prosoma, frontal view. (c) Right palp, ventral view (mirrored image). (d) Ibid, SEM graph (mirrored image). (e) Tibia of male palp, lateral view. (f) Retrolateral tibial apophysis. Abbreviations: C – conductor, CF – cymbial fold; CS – cymbial spur; E – embolus; EB – embolus base; PTA – prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA – retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA – tegular apophysis. Scale bars: a – 1.0, b – 0.5, c – 0.2, d–f – 0.1 mm.
Figure 1. Eutittha insulana Thorell, 1878 in 'Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae)
Figure 1. Eutittha insulana Thorell, 1878, lectotype female. (a) Dorsal habitus. (b) Epigyne, ventral view. (c) Endogyne, dorsal view. Scale bars: a – 1 mm, b, c – 0.1 mm.
Figure 2 in 'Conundrum of esoterica': on the long-forgotten genus Eutittha Thorell, 1878, with new taxonomic considerations in Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839 (Araneae: Cheiracanthiidae)
Figure 2. Epigyne and endogyne of Eutittha mordax (L. Koch, 1866) and E. insulana Thorell, 1878. a. E. mordax epigyne, ventral view. b. E. insulana endogyne, dorsal view. Abbreviations: AR – anterior rim; CD – copulatory duct; S – spermathecae. Scale bar: g 0.1 mm.
Data from: Temperature effects on long-term population dynamics in a parasitoid-host system
Long-term environmental changes will likely alter the strengths of interactions between species and consequently their population dynamics, leading to changes in the stability of ecological systems. While an increasing number of empirical studies have shown that environmental changes can alter the strengths of species interactions, these studies are typically short (<1–2 generations) and therefore give only partial information about longer term population dynamics. To focus on longer term dynamics, we investigated population cycles of pea aphids and their most common parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, in Wisconsin, USA. Data collected over three years in alfalfa fields showed an apparent host–parasitoid population cycle. Furthermore, higher pea aphid population growth rates and increased parasitism were correlated with higher naturally occurring temperatures. While these effects were observed with seasonal fluctuations in temperature, they beg the question of how long-term changes in mean annual temperature might change aphid–parasitoid population cycles, a question which we further pursued with laboratory experiments. To quantify temperature-dependent demographic parameters, we used short-term (<1 generation) experiments conducted at 20°C and 27°C. The higher temperature increased aphid and parasitoid development rates, adult aphid life span and fecundity, and parasitoid attack rates. We then conducted multi-generation population-level laboratory experiments to reveal the effects of temperature (20°C vs. 27°C) on population dynamics. We fit the resulting time series data using a nonlinear age-structured state-space model to estimate population-level processes that could not be estimated in short-term laboratory experiments. Using the model, we parsed out the demographic rates that had the largest impacts on aphid–parasitoid population cycles. This analysis showed that there were frequent contrasts in the effects of temperature operating through different demographic rates. For example, the temperature-dependent increase in aphid development rate decreased cycle amplitude, while the increase in parasitoid attack rate increased cycle amplitude. There were also striking interactions among demographic rates. For example, the temperature-dependent increase in aphid development rate could either increase or decrease the cycle period depending on the values of other demographic rates. Although these complexities make predictions difficult, overall they suggest that increasing long-term mean temperature will decrease the period, increase the amplitude, and tend to destabilize pea aphid–A. ervi dynamics.
Data from: Using a full annual cycle model to evaluate long-term population viability of the conservation-reliant Kirtland's warbler after successful recovery
Long-term management planning for conservation-reliant migratory songbirds is particularly challenging because habitat quality in different stages and geographic locations of the annual cycle can have direct and carry-over effects that influence the population dynamics. The Neotropical migratory songbird Kirtland's warbler Setophaga kirtlandii (Baird 1852) is listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and Near Threatened under the IUCN Red List. This conservation-reliant species is being considered for U.S. federal delisting because the species has surpassed the designated 1000 breeding pairs recovery threshold since 2001. To help inform the delisting decision and long-term management efforts, we developed a population simulation model for the Kirtland's warbler that incorporated both breeding and wintering grounds habitat dynamics, and projected population viability based on current environmental conditions and potential future management scenarios. Future management scenarios included the continuation of current management conditions, reduced productivity and carrying capacity due to the changes in habitat suitability from the creation of experimental jack pine Pinus banksiana (Lamb.) plantations, and reduced productivity from alteration of the brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater (Boddaert 1783) removal programme. Linking wintering grounds precipitation to productivity improved the accuracy of the model for replicating past observed population dynamics. Our future simulations indicate that the Kirtland's warbler population is stable under two potential future management scenarios: (i) continuation of current management practices and (ii) spatially restricting cowbird removal to the core breeding area, assuming that cowbirds reduce productivity in the remaining patches by ≤41%. The additional future management scenarios we assessed resulted in population declines. Synthesis and applications. Our study indicates that the Kirtland's warbler population is stable under current management conditions and that the jack pine plantation and cowbird removal programmes continue to be necessary for the long-term persistence of the species. This study represents one of the first attempts to incorporate full annual cycle dynamics into a population viability analysis for a migratory bird, and our results indicate that incorporating wintering grounds dynamics improved the model performance.
Data from: Long-term evolution of the natural isolate of Escherichia coli 536 in the mouse gut colonized after maternal transmission reveals convergence in the constitutive expression of the lactose operon.
In vitro experimental evolution has taught us many lessons on the molecular bases of adaptation. To move towards more natural settings, evolution in the mice gut has been successfully performed. Yet, these experiments suffered from the use of laboratory strains as well as the use of axenic or streptomycin treated mice to maintain the inoculated strains. To circumvent these limitations, we conducted a one-year experimental evolution in vivo using a natural isolate of E. coli, strain 536, in conditions mimicking as much as possible natural environment with mother to offspring microbiota transmission. Mice were then distributed in 24 independent cages and separated in two different diets: a regular one (Chow diet, CD) and high-fat high-sugar one (Western diet, WD). Genome sequences revealed an early and rapid selection during the breast-feeding period that selected the constitutive expression of the well-characterized lactose operon. E. coli was lost significantly more in CD than WD, however, we could not detect any genomic signature of selection, nor any diet specificities during the later part of the experiments. The apparently neutral evolution presumably due to low population size maintained nevertheless at high frequency the early selected mutations affecting lactose regulation. The rapid loss of lactose operon regulation challenges the idea that plastic gene expression is both optimal and stable in the wild.
Estimating the long-term repeatability of food-hoarding behaviours in an avian predator
Food-hoarding behaviour is widespread in the animal kingdom and enables predictable access to food resources in unpredictable environments. Within-species, consistent variation among individuals in food-hoarding behaviours may indicate the existence of individual strategies, as it likely captures intrinsic differences in how individuals cope with risks (e.g. starvation, pilferage). Using 17 years of data, we estimated the long-term repeatability of 10 food-hoarding behaviours in a population of Eurasian pygmy owls (Glaucidium passerinum), a small avian predator subject to high temporal fluctuations in its main prey abundance. We found low repeatability in the proportion of shrews and the average prey mass stored for both sexes while females were moderately repeatable in the mass and the number of preys stored. These two pairs of behaviours were tightly correlated among-individuals and might represent two different sets of individual strategies to buffer against starvation risks. Whether the existence of such strategies can facilitate populations' persistence and adaptation to climate change remains to be investigated.
FIGURES 1–2 in A simple solution for accurate measuring of long and contorted ovipositors in pinned specimens of Hymenoptera
FIGURES 1–2. Demonstration of the proposed method for ovipositor straightening. The wasp used is an old museum specimen of Megischus acutus LePeletier et Serville (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae). 1, Specimen as originally found in a museum drawer. 2, Final stage of straightening (see text for details). Legends: ov, ovipositor; vv, ovipositor sheaths.
FIGURES 35–37. Drepanomastax nitida Ashe. 35, spermatheca. 36 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 35–37. Drepanomastax nitida Ashe. 35, spermatheca. 36, aedeagus, paramere. 37, aedaegus, median lobe. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 19–24. Siagotanyx rufa Ashe. 19, mentum. 20, antenna. 21 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 19–24. Siagotanyx rufa Ashe. 19, mentum. 20, antenna. 21, meso and metasternum. 22, spermatheca. 23, aedeagus, paramere. 24, aedaegus, median lobe. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 14–18. Siagotanyx rufa Ashe. 14 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 14–18. Siagotanyx rufa Ashe. 14, labrum, dorsal aspect. 15, epipharynx. 16, right and left mandibles respectively, ventral aspect. 17, right maxilla, ventral aspect. 18, labium, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 4–8. Eumecognathus tasmaniensis Ashe. 4 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 4–8. Eumecognathus tasmaniensis Ashe. 4, labrum, dorsal aspect. 5, epipharynx. 6, right and left mandibles respectively, ventral aspect. 7, left maxilla, ventral aspect. 8, labium, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 25–29. Drepanomastax splendida Ashe. 25 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 25–29. Drepanomastax splendida Ashe. 25, labrum, dorsal aspect. 26, epipharynx. 27, right and left mandibles respectively, ventral aspect. 28, left maxilla, ventral aspect. 29, labium, ventral aspect. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 30–34. Drepanomastax splendida Ashe. 30, mentum. 31, antenna. 32 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 30–34. Drepanomastax splendida Ashe. 30, mentum. 31, antenna. 32, meso and metasternum. 33, aedeagus, paramere. 34, aedaegus, median lobe. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 9–13. Eumecognathus tasmaniensis Ashe. 9, antenna. 10 in Three new genera and four new species of aleocharine staphylinids with unusually long mandibles from Australia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Homalotini)
FIGURES 9–13. Eumecognathus tasmaniensis Ashe. 9, antenna. 10, meso and metasternum. 11, spermatheca. 12, aedeagus, paramere. 13, aedaegus, median lobe. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 1. Dracula agnosia. A. Habit. B in Dracula agnosia (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae), a long confused undescribed species
FIGURE 1. Dracula agnosia. A. Habit. B. Column and lip attached to ovary. C. Upper surface of lip, lower surface of lip. D. Outer surface of petal, profile of petal, inner surface of petal. E. Dorsal sepal, lateral sepal, both with a portion of the tail removed. Drawn from the holotype Doucette 4001.
FIGURE 3 in Dracula agnosia (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae), a long confused undescribed species
FIGURE 3. Comparison of species similar to Dracula agnosia. A–C. D. maduroi. D. D. agnosia Davis s.n., E. D. agnosia, Doucette 4003, F. D. agnosia, Doucette 4001. G–I. D. olmosii.
Data from: Long-term and interactive effects of different mammalian consumers on growth, survival and recruitment of dominant tree species
<p>Throughout the world, numerous tree species are reported to be in decline, either due to increased mortality of established trees or reduced recruitment. The situation appears especially acute for oaks, which are dominant features of many landscapes in the northern hemisphere. Although numerous factors have been hypothesized to explain reductions in tree performance, vertebrate herbivores and granivores may serve as important drivers of these changes. Here, using data from 8- and 14-year-old exclosure experiments, we evaluated the individual and interactive effects of large and small mammalian herbivores on the performance of three widespread oak species in California – coast live oak (<i>Quercus agrifolia</i>), California black oak (<i>Q. kelloggii</i>) and Oregon white oak (<i>Q. garryana</i>). Although impacts varied somewhat by species and experiment, herbivory by black-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i>) reduced the height and survival of juvenile coast live oaks and altered their architecture, as well as reduced the abundance of black oak seedlings, the richness of woody species and the cover of non-oak woody species. Small mammals (<i>Microtus californicus</i> and <i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>) had even more widespread effects, reducing the abundance of black oak seedlings and the height and cover of all three oak species. We also detected numerous interactions between small mammals and deer, with one herbivore having positive or negative effects on oak abundance and cover when the other herbivore was either present or absent. For example, deer often had negative effects on seedling abundance only when, or even more so when, small mammals were present. In summary, mammalian consumers play crucial roles in limiting oak recruitment by reducing seedling abundance, maintaining trees in stunted states and preventing them from reaching sapling stages and becoming reproductive. Interactions between large and small mammals can also alter the intensity and direction of their effects on trees.</p>
FIGURE 5–9. Fig. 5. Antennal flagellomeres. 5A. Flagellomere I long, about 2X in Tropical and Subtropical Velvet Ants of the Genus Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with Descriptions of 45 New Species
FIGURE 5–9. Fig. 5. Antennal flagellomeres. 5A. Flagellomere I long, about 2X as long as wide, and about as long as III and IV united. 5B. Flagellomere I shorter, less than 2X as long as wide, and shorter than III and IV united. Fig. 6. Genae of Dasymutilla. 6A. Genal carina present. 6B. Gena ecarinate. Fig. 7. Posterolateral angles of head of Dasymutilla. 7A. Posterolateral angles bearing glabrous tubercles directed outward towards the compound eyes. 7B. Posterolateral angles lacking glabrous tubercles. Fig. 8. Shape of mesosoma of Dasymutilla females. 8A. Mesosoma long and narrow, longer than broad. 8B. Mesosoma short and broad, as broad as long. Fig. 9. Scutellar scale of Dasymutilla females. 9A. Scutellar scale present. 9B. Scutellar scale absent.
Liquidity Risk and Long-Term Finance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
<p>This package contains all the code necessary to reproduce figures and tables in Choudhary and Limodio (forthcoming). "Liquidity Risk and Long-Term Finance: Evidence from a Natural Experiment" in the Review of Economic Studies. Instructions are also given about accessing the data.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.