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Host life-history traits influence the distribution of prophages and the genes they carry
<p>Bacterial strains with a short minimal doubling time – "fast-growing" hosts – are more likely to contain prophages than their slow-growing counterparts. Pathogenic bacterial species are likewise more likely to carry prophages. We develop a bioinformatics pipeline to examine the distribution of prophages in fast- and slow-growing lysogens, and pathogenic and non-pathogenic lysogens, analysing both prophage length and gene content for each class. By fitting these results to a mathematical model of the evolutionary forces acting on prophages, we predict whether the observed differences can be attributed to different rates of lysogeny among the host classes, or other evolutionary pressures. We also test for significant differences in gene content among prophages, identifying genes that are preferentially lost or maintained in each class. We find that fast-growing hosts and pathogens have a greater fraction of full-length prophages, and our analysis predicts that prophages confer a greater benefit, on average, to hosts in these two classes. Rates of lysogeny, however, are predicted to be higher in fast-growing hosts but lower in pathogens.</p>
Data from: A sink host allows a specialist herbivore to persist in a seasonal source
<p><strong>Filename: </strong>1_Population_growth_rate.xlsx</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. Source host - the plant species from which experimental females were transferred <br> 2. Target host - the plant species to which experimental females were transferred<br> 3. Generations - tested time period, in generations<br> 4. N<sub>0</sub> - the number of females placed at the beginning of the experiment<br> 5. N - the number of mites (being a progeny of N<sub>0</sub> females) counted after each tested time period</p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>2_Emigration_dispersal.xlsx</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. Source host - the plant species infested by mites and exposed to wind<br> 2. Target host - the plant species toward which mites could disperse<br> 3. N - population size on the source host<br> 4. D - the number of individuals that dispersed from the source host</p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>3_Emigration_acceptance.xlsx</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. Source host - the plant species from which experimental females were transferred <br> 2. Target host - the plant species to which experimental females were transferred<br> 3. N - the number of females placed on the experimental arena<br> 4. R - the number of females that stayed on the experimental arena after incubation </p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>4_Experimental_evolution.xlsx</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. Regime - host selection regime (W - wheat; B - brome; WB - wheat-brome alternating each three generations on each host species)<br> 2. Generations - the number of generations the population survived<br> 3. Status - 0 - censored observation; 1 - observed event of extinction</p> <p><strong>Filename: </strong>5_Field_database.xlsx</p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. Sampling date - date of plant collection in the field<br> 2. Day - the day of the year when the sample was collected<br> 3. Year - the year of the sample collection<br> 4. Database - N: the sample collected during 2012-2014 surveys; O: the sample collected during 2007-2014 surveys<br> 5. Host - the plant species collected<br> 6. GPS lat. [N] - the latitude in the northern hemisphere<br> 7. GPS long. [E] - the longitude in the eastern hemisphere<br> 8. n - the number of all plant shoots examined<br> 9. k - the number of plant shoots infested</p>
FIGURE 2. Prasmodon zlotnicki n in Prasmodon zlotnicki, a new Neotropical species of the genus Prasmodon Nixon (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Costa Rica, with the first host records for the genus
FIGURE 2. Prasmodon zlotnicki n. sp. A: mesonotum. B: first metasomal tergum. C: hind tarsal claw. E: ovipositor and ovipositor sheath. F: tip of ovipositor. G: propodeum. Prasmodon eminens Nixon. D: hind tarsal claw. H: propodeum.
FIGURE 1. Prasmodon zlotnicki n in Prasmodon zlotnicki, a new Neotropical species of the genus Prasmodon Nixon (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Costa Rica, with the first host records for the genus
FIGURE 1. Prasmodon zlotnicki n. sp. A: mesonotum. B: body in lateral view. E: ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths. F: dorsal view of body. H: hind wing and forewing. Prasmodon eminens Nixon. C: lateral view of body. D: mesonotum. G: dorsal view of body.
FIGURE 3 in Prasmodon zlotnicki, a new Neotropical species of the genus Prasmodon Nixon (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Costa Rica, with the first host records for the genus
FIGURE 3. White silk cocoon (16 mm in length) and the carcass of a crambid host (Omiodes humeralis) of Prasmodon eminens Nixon reared in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (03 SRNP10289). Photograph taken by D.H. Janzen.
FIGURES 1–7. Sphaeropthalma jacala. 1 in Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
FIGURES 1–7. Sphaeropthalma jacala. 1. Mandible of male, frontal view; 2. Mandible of male, lateral view; 3. Posterior portion of head of male, dorsal view; 4. Genitalia, lateral view; 5. Genitalia, ventral view left, dorsal view right; 6. Antenna of female, lateral view; 7. Mesosoma of female, dorsal view.
FIGURES 8–9. Sphaeropthalma jacala female. 8 in Description of the female, redescription of the male, and host associations of the Nearctic species Sphaeropthalma jacala Schuster (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
FIGURES 8–9. Sphaeropthalma jacala female. 8. Head, ventral view, punctuation and setae removed; 9. Head, frontal view.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 2. Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, labial palpus; C, male genitalia, gen. slide. No. CIS-8150; D, ditto, aedeagus; E, abdomen. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 1. Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov. A, adult, holotype; B, ditto, close-up right forewing; C, under surface of wings, with name of veins; D, head and labial palpus, in lateral view; E, hind tibia, paratype; F, female genitalia, holotype, gen slide no. CIS-8152; F, ditto, paratype, gen slide no, CIS-8149. Scale bar for the genitalia and aedeagus: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A in Two new species of Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) from Korea, with some biological data including larval host plants
FIGURE 3. Larvae. A, matured larva of Teleiodes juglansivora Park & Byun, sp. nov.; B, ditto, prepupation in the silk-net; C, matured larva of Encolapta najuensis Park & Byun, sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. Pseudione chiesai n in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 5. Pseudione chiesai n. sp. male allotype (MACN-In 43753). A, habitus in dorsal view; B, pereomere 7 and pleon in ventral view; C, left pereopod I in lateral view; D, left pereopod VII in lateral view. Pleomeres were identified with Arabic numbers, and pleopods with Roman numbers. Abbreviations: cs, cuticular slit; plt, pleotelson. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 4. Pseudione chiesai n in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 4. Pseudione chiesai n. sp. female holotype (MACN-In 43752). A, left oostegite I in external view; B, left oostegite I in internal view, with detail of internal ridge; C, left pereopod I in lateral view, with detail of distal end of carpus; D, left pereopod VII in lateral view, with detail of distal end of carpus. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 0.2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Schematic representations of oostegite I (internal view). A, posterior segment "arched"; B, posterior segment "straight".
FIGURE 3. Pseudione chiesai n in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 3. Pseudione chiesai n. sp. female holotype (MACN-In 43752). A, habitus in dorsal view; B, head and pereomere 1 in horizontal plane; C, barbula; D, left maxilliped in external view, with detail of palp. Abbreviations: cp, coxal plate; cs, cuticular slit; ur, uropod. Pleopods are identified with Roman numbers. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B–D = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Munida spinosa Henderson, 1885 in A new species of Pseudione sensu lato (Isopoda: Bopyridae) on a squat lobster host from the deep South-West Atlantic
FIGURE 2. Munida spinosa Henderson, 1885 (MACN-In 43754). A, female with right branchial chamber deformed. Pseudione chiesai n. sp., B–C, female holotype (MACN-In 43752). B, dorsal view; C, ventral view (some of the eggs exhibiting staining by Chlorazol Black E®). D–E, male allotype (MACN-In 43753). D, dorsal view; E, ventral view. Scale bars: A = 25 mm; B, C = 5 mm; D, E = 2 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 5. Genitalia of male Habropoda (left dorsal, right ventral view). A, H. tainanicola tainanicola; B, H. bucconis; C, H. christineae; D, H. sinensis taiwana. Scale bars, 500 µm.
FIGURE 8 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 8. Male genitalia of Tetralonioidella of Taiwan. A, T. heinzi; B, T. hoozana; C, T. himalayana formosana. All dorsal view, except A below, showing ventral aspect; Scale bars, 250 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 6. Antenna of male Tetralonioidella of Taiwan. A, T. himalayana formosana; B, T. heinzi; C, T. hoozana. Scale bars, 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 3. Foretarsus of Habropoda christineae. A, bottlebrush-like pubescence; B, close-up of ventral surface of forebasitarsus showing apically bent hairs. Scale bars, 250 µm (G), 100 µm (H).
FIGURE 2 in Revision of the Habropoda and Tetralonioidella species of Taiwan with comments on their host-parasitoid relationships (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae)
FIGURE 2. Colour pattern of head (A, C, E, G) and basal AS (B, D, F, H) of male Habropoda of Taiwan. A, B, H. bucconis; C, D, H. tainanicola tainanicola; E, F, H. christineae; G, H, H. sinensis taiwana. Dotted lines indicate yellow to ivory areas (except on clypeus of H. tainanicola (C), dark maculations). Scale bars, 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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