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Figure 8 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 8. Occlusal view of left M3 (partial) and M4 of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). Abbreviations:?B1, possibly cusp B1 (B̕); dsc, distal stylar cusp; M3, third upper molar; M4, fourth upper molar; mts, metastyle; pa, paracone; pas, parastyle; poc, postparacrista; prc, preparacrista; stc, stylocone.

Figure 7 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope images of molars and ultimate premolars of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, lingual view; B, labial view; C, occlusal view of the upper teeth. To assist comparison, image in A is horizontally flipped. Abbreviations: M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus.

Figure 6 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 6. Scanning electron microscope images of mesial postcanine teeth of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, lingual view; B, labial view. To assist comparison, image in A has been horizontally flipped. Abbreviations: M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar; wf, wear facet.

Figure 4 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 4. The anterior teeth and alveoli of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, optic image; B, scanning electron microscope image. The suffixes -l, -r, -i, and -a in A represent left, right, impression, and alveolus, respectively. Note the orientation of the left canine alveoli (i3-l-a) in which the mesial root is larger and more labially positioned. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; c, lower canine; I, upper incisor; i, lower incisor; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus. The suffixes -a, –l and –r indicate alveolus, left and right tooth.

Figure 3 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 3. The upper and lower dentitions of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). The image displays the lingual sides of the upper and lower right dentitions and the alveoli of the lower left dentition. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; c, lower canine; I, upper incisor; i, lower incisor; M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus (e.g. I1 denoting the first upper incisor and i1 the first lower incisor). The suffixes –l and –r indicate left and right tooth, respectively.

Figure 2 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 2. Dental terminology used in this study. The drawings are based on real teeth reported in this study and all teeth are drawn to the same scale. Abbreviations: A, cusp A of upper postcanine cheek tooth (= paracone of upper molar); a, cusp a in lower postcanine cheek tooth (= protoconid of lower molar); B, cusp B (= stylocone of upper molar); b, cusp b (= paraconid of lower molar); C, cusp C of upper premolar; c, cusp c (= metaconid of lower molar); cls, cuspules on the lingual shelf; D, cusp D of upper premolar; d, cusp d [= distal cingular cusp (Cifelli & Madsen, 1999); = hypoconulid (Cassiliano & Clemens, 1979; Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004)]; dcc, distal cingular cusp [Cifelli & Madsen, 1999; = cusp d (Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004)]; dsc, distal stylar cusp; e, cusp e [= mesial cingular cusp (Cifelli & Madsen, 1999); = mesial cuspule (Cassiliano & Clemens, 1979)]; ef, extoflexus; lac, labial cingulid; lic, lingual cingulid; mc, medial cingulum (the cingulum present on lingual, labial, and distal side of an upper tooth); mcc, mesial cingular cusp (= cusp e); mcd, metaconid (= cusp c); mts, metastyle; pa (A), paracone (= cusp A); pad, paraconid (= cusp b); pas, parastyle; poc, postparacrista; prc, preparacrista; prd, protoconid (= cusp a); stc, stylocone (= cusp B); trb, 'trigon basin' (primary trigon basin); wf, wear facet. Dental terminologies not illustrated in the figure include: the paracristid connecting the protoconid and paraconid, and the protocristid connecting the protoconid and metaconid on the lower molars, and cusp B1 on the preparacrista and cusp C (see Fig. 8) on the postparacrista of the upper molars. The labial and lingual views of m1 are based on the same tooth, but the former is horizontally flipped for convenience of comparison. The terminology illustrated here is primarily based on Cassiliano & Clemens (1979), Fox (1985), Cifelli & Gordon (1999), Cifelli & Madsen (1999), and Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004). Other references include Hu et al. (1997), Rougier et al. (2003a), Tsubamoto et al. (2004), and Sweetman (2008).

Figure 1 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 1. The holotype specimen of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (HG-M016). A, the partial skeleton with skull and dentitions preserved in a slab of siltstone (HG-M016, housed in the Bohai University Paleontology Center, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province); B, interpretive line drawing to illustrate the main skeletal structures preserved; C, area exposed by preparation to reveal labial sides of the right upper and lower dentitions from the backside of the slab; the approximate area of the excavation is shown by the rectangular box in B (image in C is slightly enlarged); D, the preserved skull. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; cl, clavicle; cp, coronoid process; lhr, left humerus; lma, left manus (mostly impression); lra-u, left radius and ulna (mostly impression left by both bones); md, mandibular condyle; mf, mandibular foramen; mgf, magnum foramen; pf, pterygoid fossa (pocket part in dorsal view); rca, right carpals; rhr, right humerus; rmc, right metacarpals; rra, right radius; rul, right ulna; rup, right ungual phalanges; vt, vertebra (probably thoracic). Scale bar in A = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 5. Optical images of postcanine teeth of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, lateral view of the right upper and lower postcanine teeth; B, occlusal view of the right upper postcanine teeth; C, occlusal view of the right lower postcanine teeth and preserved parts of broken molars. Abbreviations: M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus.

Figure 2 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 2. Previously recovered inter-relationships between Atoposauridae and other major crocodyliform clades: (A) Adams (2014; (B) Rogers (2003); (C) Turner & Pritchard (2015).

Figure 1 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 1. Stratigraphic ranges for taxa previously attributed to Atoposauridae. The dashed lines represent the inferred presence of lineages.

Figure 7 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 7. (A) Results of phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference, when all OTUs are active and selected characters are considered to be ordered (see Appendix 1). (B) Results of phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference, when 'Alligatorellus' sp. (MB.R.3632) and Theriosuchus sp. (NMS G. 2014.52.1 and selected characters are considered to be ordered (see Appendix 1).

Figure 6 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 6. Single most parsimonious tree for phylogenetic analysis when implied weighting is employed with a weighting exponent of k = 3. Selected characters are considered to be ordered, and no taxa were excluded a priori. Absolute Bremer support values are provided adjacent to nodes.

Figure 9 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 9. (A) Skull of the holotype of Alligatorium meyeri (MNHL 15646) in dorsal view. Synapomorphies for Atoposauridae are indicated (see text for details). (B) Skull of the paratype of Theriosuchus pusillus (NHMUK PV R48330) in dorsal view. Shared characteristics with atoposaurids are indicated (see text for details).

Figure 10 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 10. Time-scaled phylogeny showing the relationships of Atoposauridae to the other taxa analysed in the present study (based on the topology provided in Fig. 5A). Atoposauridae is marked with a red star. Created using the strap package (Bell & Lloyd, 2015), using the geoscalePhylo() function and an 'equal' time-scaling method.

Figure 11 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 11. Relative positions of the choanae with respect to the main palatal bones in a range of neosuchian taxa. Citations are given were these reconstructions are based on in-text illustrations. (A) Eutretauranosuchus delfsi (Smith et al., 2010); (B) Theriosuchus guimarotae (Schwarz & Salisbury, 2005); (C) Theriosuchus pusillus; (D) Theriosuchus sympiestodon; (E) Wannchampsus kirpachi; (F) Shamosuchus djadochtaensis (Pol et al., 2009); (G) Koumpiodontosuchus aprosdokiti (Sweetman et al., 2015); (H) Hylaeochampsa vectiana (Clark & Norell, 1992).

Figure 8 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 8. (A) Skull of the holotype of Alligatorellus beaumonti (MNHL 15639) in dorsal view. See text for details. (B) Skull of the holotype of Alligatorellus bavaricus (BSPG 1937 I 26) in dorsolateral view. Synapomorphies for Atoposauridae indicated (see text for details).

Figure 3 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 3. Previously recovered intrarelationships within Atoposauridae. (A) Buscalioni & Sanz (1988); (B) Bronzati et al. (2012); (C) Turner (2015).

Figure 4 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 4. (A) Strict consensus topology for phylogenetic analysis when all taxa are included, and all characters are considered to be unordered (i.e., non-additive). Atoposauridae is marked with a red star. (B) Strict consensus for phylogenetic analysis when all taxa are included, and selected characters are considered to be ordered (see Appendix 1).

Figure 5 in Evolutionary relationships and systematics of Atoposauridae (Crocodylomorpha: Neosuchia): implications for the rise of Eusuchia

Figure 5. (A) Strict consensus topology for phylogenetic analysis when iterpcr script is employed, and Alligatorium franconicum and 'Alligatorellus' sp. are excluded a priori. (B) Single most parsimonious tree for phylogenetic analysis when Pachycheilosuchus trinquei and 'Alligatorellus' sp. (MB.R.3632) are excluded a priori. Absolute Bremer support values are provided adjacent to nodes. Atoposauridae is marked with a red star.