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Figure 6. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 6. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986, mature larva. (a) Spiracle; (b) part of mouth parts, showing maxillary palp, galea, labial palpi and spinneret; (c) palate and part of mandible; (d) left half of labrum, frontal view, showing minute setae and conical papillae; (e) part of gena, showing dense short setae; (f) cuticle integument with scattered, short setae and dense minute spicules.
Figure 5. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 5. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986, immature stages. (a) Egg (slightly deteriorated); (b) young larva, ventral view (slightly deteriorated); (c) mature larva, lateral view; (d, e) pupa; (f) head of mature larva, anterior view; (g) ibid, dorsal view; (h) mouth parts of mature larva; (i) mouth parts of young larva.
Figure 3. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 3. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 (♂). (a) Habitus, lateral view; (b) head, anterior view; (c) right antenna; (d) terminal four segments of antenna; (e) genitalia, dorsal view; (f) ibid, ventral view; (g) ibid, lateral view; (h) paramere, inner view; (i) volsella with cuspis and digitus. Abbreviations: ae, aedeagus; cu, cuspis; di, digitus; pa, paramere; DMP, dorsal margin of paramere; PP, parameral process; PS, parameral spine.
Figure 1. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 1. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986. (a–e) Queen (♀q): (a) Habitus (from Shaanxi), dorsal view; (b) ibid, Ningxia; (c) ibid, Hubei; (d) habitus (from Shaanxi), lateral view; (e) head, anterior view. (f, g) Worker (♀w): (f) Habitus, lateral view; (g) head, anterior view.
Figure 4. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 4. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986. (a, b) Nest from Xunyangba; (c, d) nest from Niubeiliang; (e) combs of nest; (f) three layers of the combs from nest of Niubeiliang; (g) ibid, from Xunyangba.
Figure 2. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 2. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986. (a–c) Worker (♀w), dorsal view, showing variation of colour pattern; (d–f) male (♂), dorsal view, showing variation of colour pattern; (g) metasomal terminal segments of ♂, lateral view; (h) ibid, dorsal view; (i) ibid, ventral view.
The genome of a daddy-long-legs (Opiliones) illuminates the evolution of arachnid appendages
<p>Chelicerate arthropods exhibit dynamic genome evolution, with ancient whole genome duplication (WGD) events affecting several orders. Yet, genomes remain unavailable for a number of poorly studied orders, such as Opiliones (daddy-long-legs), which has hindered comparative study. We assembled the first opilionid draft genome for the species <i>Phalangium opilio</i>, which bears elongate, prehensile appendages, made possible by numerous distal articles called tarsomeres. Here, we show that the genome of <i>P. opilio</i> exhibits a single Hox cluster and no evidence of WGD. To investigate the developmental genetic basis for the quintessential trait of this group—the elongate legs—we interrogated the function of the Hox genes <i>Deformed </i><u>(</u><i>Dfd</i>)<i> </i>and <i>Sex combs reduced</i> (<i>Scr</i>), and a homolog of <i>Epidermal growth factor receptor </i>(<i>Egfr</i>). Knockdown of <i>Dfd </i>incurred homeotic transformation of two pairs of legs into pedipalps, with dramatic shortening of leg segments in the longest leg pair, whereas homeosis in L3 is only achieved upon double <i>Dfd+Scr</i> knockdown. Knockdown of <i>Egfr</i> incurred shortened appendages and the loss of tarsomeres. The similarity of <i>Egfr </i>loss-of-function phenotypic spectra in insects and this arachnid suggest that repeated cooption of EGFR signaling underlies the independent gains of supernumerary tarsomeres across the arthropod tree of life.</p>
Figure 2 in Shamshevia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Namibia (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Diaphorinae)
Figure 2. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov sp. nov., body in alcohol, general aspect (transmitted light).
Figure 1 in Shamshevia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Namibia (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Diaphorinae)
Figure 1. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov sp. nov., body in alcohol, general aspect (reflected light).
Figure 5 in Shamshevia, a new genus of long-legged flies from Namibia (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Diaphorinae)
Figure 5. Shamshevia hoanibensis Grichanov sp. nov., hypopygium, left lateral aspect. Abbreviations: cer, cercus; ep, epandrium; epl, epandrial lobe; hyp, hypandrium; pgt, postgonite; ph, phallus; dsur; vsur, surstylus (dorsal and ventral lobes).
Figure 3 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 3. Dispersal and evolution in two "Darwinian" islands, A and B. Solid lines represent dispersal in wrack or driftwood; dashed lines indicate dispersal by synanthropic means.
Figure 2 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 2. Habitus drawings of male talitrids. (A) Macarorchestia roffensis from Chatham Ness, UK, body length (BL) 5.4 mm; (B) Macarorchestia remyi from Principina a Mare, Italy, BL 11.0 mm; (C) Orchestia gammarellus from Chittick Beach, Canada, BL 15.5 mm.
Figure 1 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 1. Map of the northeast Atlantic study area, showing oceanic surface currents. Upper arrows: North Atlantic Drift (part of the Gulf Stream); lower arrows: Canaries Current. Note: Based on World Atlas, 1979.
Data from: Timing of spring departure of long distance migrants correlates with previous year's conditions at their breeding site
<p>Precise timing of the migration is crucial for animals targeting seasonal resources at locations encountered across their annual cycle. Upon departure, long distance migrants need to anticipate unknown environmental conditions at their arrival site, and they do zkzdsxso with their internal annual clock. Here, we tested the hypothesis that long distance migrants synchronize their circannual clock according to the phenology of their environment during the breeding season, and therefore adjust their spring departure date according to the conditions encountered at their breeding site the year before. To this end, we used tracking data of Eurasian curlews from different locations and combined movement data with satellite-extracted green-up dates at their breeding site. Spring departure date was better explained by green-up date of the previous year, while arrival date at the breeding site was better explained by latitude and longitude of the breeding site, suggesting that other factors impacted migration timing <i>en route</i>. On a broader temporal scale, our results suggest that long distance migrants may be able to adjust their migration timing to advancing spring dates in the context of climate change. </p>
Both real-time and long-term environmental data perform well in predicting shorebird distributions in managed habitat
<p>Highly mobile species, such as migratory birds, respond to seasonal and inter-annual variability in resource availability by moving to better habitats. Despite the recognized importance of resource thresholds, species distribution models typically rely on long-term average habitat conditions, mostly because large-extent, temporally-resolved, environmental data are difficult to obtain. Recent advances in remote sensing make it possible to incorporate more frequent measurements of changing landscapes; however, there is often a cost in terms of model building and processing and the added value of such efforts is unknown. Our study tests whether incorporating real-time environmental data increases the predictive ability of distribution models, relative to using long-term average data. We developed and compared distribution models for shorebirds in California's Central Valley based on high temporal resolution (every 16-days), and 17-year long-term average, surface water data. Using abundance-weighted boosted regression trees, we modeled monthly shorebird occurrence as a function of surface water availability, crop type, wetland type, road density, temperature, and bird data source. While modeling with both real-time and long-term average data provided good fit to withheld validation data (0.79 < AUC < 0.89 across taxa), there were small differences in model performance. The best models incorporated long-term average conditions and spatial pattern information for real-time flooding (e.g. perimeter-area ratio of real-time water bodies). There was not a substantial difference in the performance of real-time and long-term average data models within time periods when real-time surface water differed substantially from the long-term average (specifically during drought years 2013-2016) and in intermittently flooded months or locations. Spatial predictions resulting from the models differed most in the southern region of the study area where there is lower water availability, fewer birds, and lower sampling density. Prediction uncertainty in the southern region of the study area highlights the need for increased sampling in this area. Because both sets of data performed similarly, the choice of which data to use may depend on the management context. Real-time data may ultimately be best for guiding dynamic, adaptive conservation actions whereas models based on long-term averages may be more helpful for guiding permanent wetland protection and restoration. --</p>
Figure 7 in Three marine haptorid ciliates from northern China: Paraspathidium apofuscum n. sp., Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 and Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Figure 7. Photomicrographs of Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 from live cells (A, E, F, J) and after protargol impregnation (B–D, G–I, K, L). (A) lateral view of a not fully-extended cell, arrowhead indicates the contractile vacuole; (B) to show the circumoral kinety (arrow); (C) arrowheads show the extrusomes in the cell trunk; (D) the contractile vacuole (arrow); (E) posterior end of a cell, arrow marks the contractile vacuole pore; (F) lateral view of a contracted cell; (G) to show the neck suture (arrowheads); (H) anterior end, arrow marks the brush kinety, arrowheads indicate dikinetid kineties; (I) to show the dikinetids in the anterior end of a cell; (J) a highly contracted cell, arrow marks the dark area in the anterior part; (K) pharyngeal basket (arrowhead) and extrusomes beside the cytostome (arrows); (L) the macronuclear nodules (arrowheads). Note: scale bars: 300 µm (A); 200 µm (F, J).
Figure 6 in Three marine haptorid ciliates from northern China: Paraspathidium apofuscum n. sp., Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 and Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Figure 6. Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 after protargol staining (A, B, D–I) and from live cells (C). (A, B) infraciliature, arrow marks the contractile vacuole pore; (C) fully-extended individuals; (D, E) to show extrusomes (arrowheads) and macronuclear nodules, double-arrowheads indicate nematodesmata, arrow marks the contractile vacuole pore; (F–I) structure of anterior parts, arrows indicate the circumoral kinety, arrowheads show the suture on the "neck". Notes: B, brush kinety; PB, pharyngeal basket; scale bars: 60 µm (A); 45 µm (D); 30 µm (F, H).
Figure 3 in Three marine haptorid ciliates from northern China: Paraspathidium apofuscum n. sp., Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 and Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Figure 3. Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 from live cells (A, B, F) and after silver nitrate (H) and protargol stainings (C–E, G, I, J). (A) a typical cell; (B) a not fullyextended cell; (C, I) infraciliature of anterior and posterior body portion, arrow marks the pore of contractile vacuole; (D) showing infraciliature in neck region, arrowheads mark the shortened somatic kineties; (E) showing pharyngeal basket (PB) and nematodesmata in neck region; (F) showing extended, contracted and half-extended cells (from right to left); (G) showing various extrusomes; (H) silverline system; (J) cytoplasm inclusions in trunk region. Notes: B, brush kineties; Ex, extrusome; FG, fat globules; Ma, macronuclear nodules; PB, pharyngeal basket; scale bars: 70 µm (A); 20 µm (G); 40 µm (J).
Figure 1. Paraspathidium apofuscum n in Three marine haptorid ciliates from northern China: Paraspathidium apofuscum n. sp., Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 and Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Figure 1. Paraspathidium apofuscum n. sp. from live cells (A, G), after protargol (B, D–F), silver nitrate (C), and silver carbonate stainings (H, I). (A) a typical cell; (B) apical view of oral apparatus, arrowheads show the dikinetids in the anterior parts of somatic kineties, arrows indicate the brush kineties; (C) silverline system; (D) extrusomes with different shapes; (E, F) the infraciliature, from the same specimen; (G) half extended cells, arrows indicate extrusomes in the oral area; (H, I) lateral views of the buccal apparatus, arrowheads indicate the circumoral kinety, arrows mark the brush kineties. Notes: BK, brush kineties; CK, circumoral kinety; scale bars: 50 µm (A).
Figure 4 in Three marine haptorid ciliates from northern China: Paraspathidium apofuscum n. sp., Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 and Apotrachelotractus variabialis Long, Song and Warren, 2009 (Protozoa, Ciliophora)
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Trachelotractus entzi (Kahl, 1927) Foissner, 1997 from live cells (A–F). (A, D) half-extended cells; (B) anterior part of a cell; (C) a fully extended cell; (E) a highly winding cell, note the black "head" of the cell; (F) pellicle structure. Note: scale bars: 100 µm.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.