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Figure 13 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 13. Schematic diagram showing the phylogenetic relationships of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. and some morphological transformations as reconstructed from the cladistic analysis presented in the Supporting Information. A, phylogenetic relationships of Cetotheriidae, Eschrichtiidae, Fragilicetus gen. nov., and later Balaenopteridae. B, outlines of skulls in ventral view to show the morphology of the respective families. C, outlines of skulls in anterior view. D, schematic diagram showing dorsal skull architectures. Numbers in black circles correspond to typical balaenopterid character states. Numbers in white circles correspond to cetotheriid and eschrichtiid character states. Numbers correspond to the following: 1, protrusion of posterolateral corner of exoccipital (a, strong; b, slight); 2, posterior projection of postglenoid process of squamosal (a, no; b, yes); 3, squamosal bulges into the temporal fossa (a, yes; b, no); 4, supraorbital process of the frontal abruptly depressed from the interorbital region (a, no; b, yes); 5, shape of supraoccipital (a, triangular with narrow anterior border; b, triangular with broad anterior border; c, posterior portion widely expanded and lateral borders highly converging anteriorly); 6, articulation of rostrum and frontal (a, maxilla superimposed onto the interorbital region of the frontal, maxilla converging towards the midline posteriorly, premaxilla absent; b, premaxilla strongly superimposed onto the interorbital region of the frontal and maxilla reduced; c, maxilla superimposed onto the interorbital region of the frontal, premaxilla present); 7, supraorbital process of the frontal (a, gently descending or slightly depressed; b, abruptly depressed from the interorbital region of the frontal). Not to scale.

Figure 9 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 9. Left periotic of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. Views as follows: A, cranial; B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, posterior; F, posterodorsal; G, anterior. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 6 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 6. Skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in anterior view. A, photo; B, line drawing. Abbreviations: bocc, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; desc sop, descending part of supraorbital process of the frontal; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; max, maxilla; par, parietal; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqc, squamosal cleft; vom, vomer. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 5 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 5. Holotype skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in lateral view. A, photographic representation; B, interpretative representation. Abbreviations: eam, external acoustic meatus; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; max, maxilla; opt, optic channel; par, parietal; pgl, postglenoid process of squamosal; ppp, posterior process of the periotic; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqc, squamosal cleft; vom, vomer; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 1 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 1. Map showing the discovery site of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. near the city of Antwerp, Belgium.

Figure 2 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 2. Stratigraphical information for the discovery site with the position of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. indicated. The specimen is from the Zanclean of Belgium; it is from the Kattendijk Sands Formation and was found at a height of approximately 22 m below the main level of the sea at Ostend at low tide (Tweede Algemene Waterpassing: see text for explanation). Additional finds at the site include Glycymeris obovata ringelei, Pliothyrina sowerbyana, and Paliolum gerardi mollusc species.

Figure 11 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 11. Phylogenetic relationships of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. resulting from the tree bisectionreconnection search. Major mysticete clades are shown. Clade B corresponds to Balaenopteroidea + Aglaocetus moreni + Cophocetus oregonensis + Titanocetus sammarinensis (see text and Supporting Information for further explanation). Tree statistics: tree length = 987; consistency index (CI) = 0.3576; homoplasy index (HI) = 0.6424; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.3511; HI excluding uninformative characters = 0.6489; retention index = 0.7129; rescaled consistency index = 0.2550.

Figure 7 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 7. Skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in ventral view. A, photo; B, line drawing. Abbreviations: ap, anterior process; bocc, basioccipital; bop, descending process of the basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; eam, external acoustic meatus; exo, exoccipital; fo, foramen ovale; oc, occipital condyle; opt, optic channel; pc, pars cochlearis; ppp, posterior process of the periotic; pt, pterygoid; ptf, pterygoid fossa; pt-pal, pterygoid–palatine suture; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqb, squamosal bulge; sq-pt, squamosal-pterygoid suture; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal; vom, vomer; vom-pal, vomer–palatine suture. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 10 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 10. Left periotic of the holotype of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov.: A, cranial view; B, lateral view; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, posterior view; F, anterior view. Posterior process not represented. Abbreviations: VIIcran, endocranial opening of the facial canal; VII-lat, lateral opening of the facial canal; ap, anterior process; aplp, lateral projection of anterior process; app, anterior pedicle for tympanic bulla; ctpp, caudal tympanic process; df, dorsal fossa; elf, endolymphatic foramen; fc, fenestra cochleae (round window); fhm, fossa for the head of malleus; fsm, fossa for stapedial muscle; fv, fenestra vestibuli (oval window); iam, internal acoustic meatus; pc, pars cochlearis; plf, perilymphatic foramen; ppc, pedicle for posterior process; prg, promontorial groove; pyd, pyramidal process. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 4 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 4. Holotype skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal view. A, photographic representation; B, interpretative representation. Abbreviations: exo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; fr, frontal; irfr, interorbital region of the frontal; max, maxilla; nas, nasal; oc, occipital condyle; par, parietal; par-fr, frontoparietal suture; pmx, premaxilla; ppp, posterior process of the periotic; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sop, supraorbital process of the frontal; sq, squamosal; sqb, squamosal bulge; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 300 mm.

Figure 3 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 3. Localizations and orientations of shark bite marks on the holotype skull of Fragilicetus velponi gen. et sp. nov. as seen from the anterior view. The shark bite marks are in solid black. The skull is in anterior view; only the right side of the skull is shown because it is that part that bears the shark bite marks. Abbreviations: ali, alisphenoid; fr, frontal; pal, palatine; par, parietal; pgl, postglenoid process of squamosal; pt, pterygoid; soc, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; sqc, squamosal cleft; sq-par, squamosal–parietal suture; sq-pt, squamosal-pterygoid suture; tc, temporal crest; vom, vomer; zyg, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 100 mm.

Figure 14 in Fragilicetus velponi: a new mysticete genus and species and its implications for the origin of Balaenopteridae (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti)

Figure 14. Artistic interpretation of possible interaction between a large shark and Fragilicetus velponi gen. et. sp. nov. as suggested by the shark bite marks on the skull of the holotype specimen shown in Figure 3. The human in the upper right corner serves as a size reference. Illustration by Mark Bosselaers.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Nickel and chromium stable isotopic composition of ureilites: implications for the Earth's core formation and differentiation of the ureilite parent body

<p>We report the first Ni and Cr stable isotope data for ureilite meteorites that are the mantle residue of a carbon-rich differentiated planet. Ureilites have similar Ni stable isotope compositions as chondrites, suggesting the core-mantle differentiation of ureilite parent body did not fractionate Ni isotopes. Since the size of Earth is potentially larger than that of ureilite parent body (UPB; with diameter > 690 km), resulting in higher temperatures at the core-mantle boundary of Earth, it can be predicted that the terrestrial core formation may not directly cause Ni stable isotope fractionation. On the other hand, we also report high-precision Cr stable isotope composition of ureilites, including one ureilitic trachyandesite (ALM-A) that is enriched in lighter Cr stable isotopes relative to the main-group ureilites, which suggests the partial melting occurred on UPB. The globally heavy Cr in the UPB compared to chondrites can be caused by sulfur-rich core formation processes.</p>

Figure 20 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 20. Phylogenetic analyses based on a reanalysis of Brusatte et al.'s (2010) data set with 59 taxa and 193 characters. A, strict consensus tree of 1911 most-parsimonious trees (MPTs; tree length, TL = 735 steps; retention index, RI = 0.67; consistency index, CI = 0.31). B, 50% majority rule consensus tree. Numbers denote percentage of most parsimonious trees, in which the respective clade is recovered. Colour coding of phylogenetic units as in Figure 18. (Colour version of figure available online.)

Figure 19 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 19. Phylogenetic analyses based on a reanalysis of Nesbitt's (2011) data set with 80 taxa and 415 characters. A, strict consensus tree of 1267 most-parsimonious trees (MPTs; tree length, TL = 1293 steps; retention index, RI = 0.77; consistency index, CI = 0.38). B, 50% majority rule consensus tree. Numbers denote percentage of most parsimonious trees, in which the respective clade is recovered. Colour-coding of phylogenetic units as in Figure 18. (Colour version of figure available online.)

Figure 17 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 17. Left ilium (BSPG AS XXV 88) of Rauisuchoidea indet. (formerly assigned to Rauisuchus tiradentes) in lateral view (A) and medial view (B). Abbreviations: a.sr, articulation with sacral ribs; ac, acetabulum; app, anterior preacetabular process; d, depression; pep, pelvic process; ppp, posterior postacetabular process; sab, supra-acetabular buttress; sar, supraacetabular rim.

Figure 16 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 16. Body osteoderms of Rauisuchus tiradentes. A, osteoderm from the cervical region (BSPG AS XXV 92), B, osteoderm (BSPG AS XXV 97) from the anterior dorsal region, C, osteoderm (BSPG AS XXV 94) from the posterior dorsal region, D, osteoderms (BSPG AS XXV 121c, f) from the caudal region.

Figure 12 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 12. Chevron bone (BSPG AS XXV 85b) of Rauisuchus tiradentes in anterior view (A), left lateral view (B), and posterior view (C).

Figure 14 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 14. Left pubis (BSPG AS XXV 89) of Rauisuchus tiradentes in lateral view. Abbreviations: acr, acetabular rim.

Figure 18 in Osteology of Rauisuchus tiradentes from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and its implications for rauisuchid anatomy and phylogeny

Figure 18. Morphospace occupation of rauisuchian ilia, based on the first two principal components of the shape analysis of 22 specimens. PC1 contributes to 49.7% and PC2 contributes to 13.8% of the variation. Variation in shape is depicted by outlines of terminal taxa along each axis; green, Ctenosauriscidae; blue, Poposauroidea; red, noncrocodylomorph Loricata. (Colour version of figure available online.)