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FIGURES 5–7 in Three new species of Collembola (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) from Central Brazilian shallow caves: side effects of long term application of environmental law on conservation
FIGURES 5–7. Arrhopalites glabrofasciatus sp. nov.: 5, dorsal head chaetotaxy; 6, frontal head chaetotaxy; 7, clypeo-labral chaetotaxy.
FIGURES 2–4 in Three new species of Collembola (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) from Central Brazilian shallow caves: side effects of long term application of environmental law on conservation
FIGURES 2–4. Arrhopalites glabrofasciatus sp. nov.: 2, chaetotaxy of antennal segments I and II; 3, chaetotaxy of antennal segment III; 4, chaetotaxy of antennal segment IV, with apical bulb at the base of a hooklike chaeta.
FIGURES 8–10 in Three new species of Collembola (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) from Central Brazilian shallow caves: side effects of long term application of environmental law on conservation
FIGURES 8–10. Arrhopalites glabrofasciatus sp. nov.: 8, chaetotaxy of foreleg; 9, chaetotaxy of mid leg; 10, chaetotaxy of hind leg.
What drives diversification in a pantropical plant lineage with extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation?
<p><b>Aim:</b> Colonisation of new areas may entail shifts in diversification rates linked to biogeographic movement (dispersification), which may involve niche evolution if species were not pre-adapted to the new environments. <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae) includes c. 250 species and has a pantropical distribution suggesting an extraordinary capacity for long-distance dispersal and colonisation. We investigate patterns of diversification in <i>Scleria</i>, and whether they are coupled with colonisation events, climate niche shifts or both.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> Tropics and subtropics.</p> <p><b>Taxon:</b> Nutrushes <i>Scleria</i> (Cyperaceae).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> We used molecular data from three DNA regions sequenced for 278 accessions representing 140 <i>Scleria</i> taxa (53% of species) to develop a chronogram, model ancestral ranges, and measure rates of diversification. Integrating data from 12,978 digitised and georeferenced herbarium records, we investigated niche evolution.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> High dispersal rates in <i>Scleria</i>, a genus with multiple dispersal syndromes, make reconstruction of ancestral areas at deep nodes in the phylogeny highly equivocal. Main dispersal and colonisation events involve movements from South to Central America (c. 19), from Africa to Madagascar (c. 12), from Asia to Oceania (c. 7), from Africa to South America (c. 7) and Central America to South America (c. 6). Two main shifts in diversification rates happened during the warm period of the Miocene.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Dispersification from South America to Africa without climate niche shift seems to explain the diversification shift in section <i>Hypoporum</i> implying that species were pre-adapted. Shifts in climate niche evolution predate the second shift in diversification rates suggesting lineages were pre-adapted prior to biogeographic movements. Within subgenus <i>Scleria</i>, colonisations of Asia and Madagascar by sections <i>Elatae</i> and <i>Abortivae</i>, respectively, are coupled with niche shifts suggesting that these colonisations involved climate niche adaptation.</p>
Figure 5. Dasypus hybridus. A in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications
Figure 5. Dasypus hybridus. A, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a permanent molariform. B, C, photomicrographs of the permanent molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the enamel layer. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel–dentine junction; white arrowheads show incremental lines.
Figure 4. Dasypus punctatus. A in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications
Figure 4. Dasypus punctatus. A, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a deciduous molariform. B, C, photomicrographs of the deciduous molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the enamel layer (E). D, cross-section parallel to the occlusal plane of a permanent molariform. E, F, photomicrographs of the permanent molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing detail of the enamel layer. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel– dentine junction; white arrowheads show incremental lines.
Figure 2. Dasypus novemcinctus. A, B in Dental enamel structure in long-nosed armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypus) and its evolutionary implications
Figure 2. Dasypus novemcinctus. A, B, general view of a deciduous molariform (A) and a permanent molariform (B), showing detail of a section parallel to the occlusal plane. The dotted line indicates the extent of the vestigial enamel (VE) in A, and the enamel (E) in B. C, D, photomicrographs of the deciduous molariform, taken with the scanning electron microscope, showing the VE without a crystalline structure. E, enamel layer on a permanent tooth. F, G, details of the indicated areas in E. Abbreviations: D, dentine; E, enamel; EDJ, enamel–dentine junction; IPM, interprismatic matrix; P, prisms; VE, vestigial enamel; white arrowheads show incremental lines.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 8. Dorsal and ventral, views of the skin of Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. (Holotype, MSB 67304). Scale bar 5 cm.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 7. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull, and lateral view of the mandible of Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. (Holotype, MSB 67304). Scale bar 10 mm.
FIGURE 6. A in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 6. A) Scatterplot without size effect of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) of the cranial variables of Oligoryzomys brendae, O. destructor, O. f. occidentalis, Oryzomys chaparensis, and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. B) Scatterplot without size effect of the first two discriminant functions (DF1 and DF2) of the cranial variables of Oligoryzomys brendae, O. destructor, O. f. occidentalis, Oryzomys chaparensis, and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 3. Comparisons (from left to right) among Oligoryzomys brendae (MACN 26304), O. destructor (FMNH 24611), O. f. occidentalis (MSB 55318), and Oligoryzomys pachecoi n. sp. (MSB 67304). First row: partial view of the rostrum; second row: partial view of the palatal region and mesopterygoid zone; third row: partial view of the left side of the skull; fourth row: partial view of the jaw. Abbreviations, ab: auditory bullae; ap: angular process; cc: carotid canal; cdp: condylar process; crp: coronoid process; et: Eustachian tube; if: incisive foramina; hp: hamular process; occ: occipital condyle; palc: posterior opening of alisphenoid canal; pgf: postglenoid foramen; ssf: subsquamosal fenestra; zn: zygomatic notch; zp: zygomatic plate.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of long-tailed mouse, genus Oligoryzomys Bangs, 1900 (Rodentia: Cricetidae), from the Bolivian Yungas
FIGURE 1. Bayesian Inference tree resulting from the analysis of cytochrome b gene sequences of species of Oligoryzomys. Numbers indicate posterior probability (PP) values of the adjacent node retrieved in the Bayesian Inference (BI, left to the diagonal) and bootstrap support (BS) values gathered in the Maximum Likelihood analysis (ML, right to the diagonal). A lessthan sign (<) indicates that the given clade receives less than 0.5 of PP or 50 % of BS either in the BI or ML analyses, respectively. A dash (-) indicates that in the ML analysis that clade was not recovered. Gray boxes highlight lineages of O. brendae, O. destructor and Oligoryzomys sp. (Taken with modifications from Hurtado & D'Elía 2018).
FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogeny of long-tailed shrews (genus Sorex) from México and Guatemala
FIGURE 5. ML reconstruction of ancestral geographical origins using Mesquite 2.0 software (Maddison & Maddison 2007). The current geographical distribution of the species was coded: (0) only Eurasia, (1) Eurasia and America, (2) North America north of the Trans Neovolcanic Belt of Mexico, (3) between Trans Neovolcanic Belt and the Tehuantepec Isthmus of Mexico and (4) south of the Tehuantepec Isthmus. The pie charts represent the proportional likelihoods of each character state.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular phylogeny of long-tailed shrews (genus Sorex) from México and Guatemala
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic relationships among long-tailed shrews of the genus Sorex from Mexico based on 77 mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene. The tree represents the maximum likelihood analysis. Numbers indicate bootstrap probability values of nodal support. Bayesian method identified the same supported clades.
FIGURE 4 in Molecular phylogeny of long-tailed shrews (genus Sorex) from México and Guatemala
FIGURE 4. Chronogram tree with the divergence time estimated of speciation events derived from the r8s test (version 1.7; Sanderson 2003). Numbers indicate millions of years.
FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogeny of long-tailed shrews (genus Sorex) from México and Guatemala
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships among long-tailed shrews of the genus Sorex from Mexico based on 77 mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene. The tree represents the Bayesian analysis estimated through 6,000,000 generations. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probability values of nodal support. The numbers in parenthesis refer to the localities of samples from México (see Fig.3). Symbols point to the ancestral nodes of primary clades: A–B (●), A (□), B (․). * Not yet classified to either subgenera Sorex or Otisorex (see Table 1).
Fig. 2 in A Solar-Powered UV Light Trap for Long-Term Monitoring of Insects in Remote Habitats
Fig. 2. The solar-powered UV light trap in A) stabilized-vegetated sands, B) open sand dunes, and C) agricultural crop margin. Note that in addition to the components in Fig. 1, 6–8 ft (1.8–2.4 m) pieces of steel rebar and wire are used to position the solar panel.
Fig. 1 in A Solar-Powered UV Light Trap for Long-Term Monitoring of Insects in Remote Habitats
Fig. 1. Exploded view of solar-powered UV light trap, with component labels corresponding to the items in Table 1. The light trap components battery (n), ballast box (a), photoelectric switch (g), and battery clamps (l) were put inside a second bucket to protect them from corrosion and overheating.
FIGURE 1. Hierochloe sect. Monoecia micromorphology details. A–C. Leaf transverse section. A. H. pusilla, leaf transverse section open with round ribs. B. H. juncifolia, leaf transverse section closed with polygonal ribs. C. H. redolens var. altissima, leaf transverse section open with quadrangular ribs. D–F. Leaf epidermis. D. H. redolens var. gunckelii, adaxial epidermis with long cells type I3 and stomata. E. H. pusilla, leaf epidermis with long cells type I3 and short cells S5 in A revision of Hierochloe sect. Monoecia (Anthoxanthinae, Pooideae, Poaceae)
FIGURE 1. Hierochloe sect. Monoecia micromorphology details. A–C. Leaf transverse section. A. H. pusilla, leaf transverse section open with round ribs. B. H. juncifolia, leaf transverse section closed with polygonal ribs. C. H. redolens var. altissima, leaf transverse section open with quadrangular ribs. D–F. Leaf epidermis. D. H. redolens var. gunckelii, adaxial epidermis with long cells type I3 and stomata. E. H. pusilla, leaf epidermis with long cells type I3 and short cells S5 (round). F. H. juncifolia, leaf epidermis with long cells type I3 and short cells S2 (ax shaped).
Figures 33–41 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines
Figures 33–41. Species included in this study. Fig. 33. Micrathena spinosa, female internal genitalia, dorsal, cleared. Fig. 34. Micrathena horrida, female internal genitalia, dorsal, cleared. Fig. 35. Micrathena fissispina, female internal genitalia, dorsal, cleared. Fig. 36. Micrathena schreibersi, female internal genitalia, dorsal, cleared. Fig. 37. Chaetacis aureola, male first tibia, lateral. Fig. 38. Micrathena schreibersi, male palpus, retrolateral. Fig. 39. Micrathena bifida, male palpus, mesal. Fig. 40. Micrathena swainsoni, male palpus, apical. Fig. 41. Micrathena bifida, male palpus, retrolateral. Abbreviations: BP, basal projection of the median apophysis; C, conductor; CL, conductor lobe; CM, conductor basal membrane; Cy, cymbium; DP, digitiform projection of the median apophysis; E, embolus; MA, median apophysis rim; MAL, median apophysis lobe; Me, metatarsus; P, paracymbium; Pa, patella; PH, paracymbium hump; PM, paramedian apophysis; R, radix; S, spermathecae; SP, spermathecae projections; ST, subtegulum; Ta, tarsus; TA, terminal apophysis; TAP, terminal apophysis projection; Ti, tibia; TM, tibial macrosetae; TP, tegular projection. Scale bars = 0.1 mm except 40 = 0.5 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.