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15,277 results for “GENETICS”
Unraveling hierarchical genetic structure of tea green leafhopper, Matsumurasca onukii, in East Asia based on SSRs and SNPs
<p><em>Matsumurasca onukii</em> (Matsuda, 1952), one of the dominant pests in major tea production areas in Asia, currently is known to occur in Japan, Vietnam, and China, and severely threatens tea production, quality, and international export trade. To elucidate the population genetic structure of this species, 1633 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 18 microsatellite markers (SSRs) were used to genotype samples from 27 sites representing 18 geographical populations distributed throughout the known range of the species in East Asia. Analyses of both SNPs and SSRs showed that <em>M</em>. <em>onukii</em> populations in Yunnan exhibit high genetic differentiation and structure compared to other populations. The Kagoshima (JJ) and Shizuoka (JS) populations from Japan were separated from populations from China by SNPs but clustered with Jinhua (JH), Yingde (YD), Guilin (GL), Fuzhou (FZ), Hainan (HQ), Leshan (CT), Chongqing (CY) and Zunyi (ZY) tea areas in China and the Vietnamese Vinh Phuc (VN) population based on SSR data. On the contrary, CT, CY, ZY, and Shaanxi (SX) populations clustered together based on SNPs, but were separated by SSRs. Both marker datasets identified significant geographic differentiation among the 18 populations. Various environmental and anthropogenic factors, including the geographical barriers to migration, human transport of hosts (<em>Camellia sinesis</em> (L.) O. Kuntze), and adaptability of <em>M. onukii</em> to various climatic zones possibly account for the rapid spread of this pest in Asia. The results demonstrate that SNPs from high-throughput genotyping data can be used to reveal subtle genetic substructure at broad scales in r-strategist insects.</p>
FIGURE 31 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURE 31. The ML tree showing unique base changes per phylogroups of Bolua, obtained by maximum parsimony analysis (the base position indicates by the position number in the concatenated matrix)
FIGURES 28–30 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURES 28–30. Song in Bolua (28—B. balikesirensis from Balıkesir; 29—and 30—B. bursaensis from Bursa and Kütahya, respectively; A, B and C show song at three different time scale)
FIGURES 18–26. 18–20 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURES 18–26. 18–20. Female head+pronotum+tegmina in Bolua (18—B. turkiyae, 19—B. balıkesirensis, 20—B. bursaensis; D—dorsal view, L—lateral view). 21–23. Female subgenital plate in Bolua (21—B. turkiyae, 22—B. balıkesirensis, 23—B. bursaensis; V—ventral view, L-lateral view). 24–26. Ovipositor in Bolua (24—B. turkiyae, 25—B. balıkesirensis, 26— B. bursaensis)
FIGURE 2 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree, chronogram and taxonomic pattern obtained from the matrix constituted by concatenation of COI+NAD2+VAL+ITS sequences. The bootstrap (ML)/ posterior probability (BI) supports to the node are given above the node and the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and the 95% HPD as million years below the node. The results from the species delimitation test are indicated by a bar line.
FIGURE 27 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURE 27. The PCA plots and trait contribution prepared from the metric data sets of male and female individuals belonging to Bolua
FIGURE 1 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Bolua [for detail of the localities see material examined per species; Bolu(1), Kastamonu (2,3,4, 6), Karabük (5), Çankırı (7), Balıkesir (8), Bursa (9, 10), Kütahya (11) and Kocaeli (12, 13)]
FIGURES 3–17. 3–5 in Anatolian endemic genus Bolua (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae): genetic and phenotypic data indicate inconsistent diversity and evolutionary patterns
FIGURES 3–17. 3–5. Male head+pronotum+tegmina in Bolua (3—B. turkiyae, 4—B. balıkesirensis, 5—B. bursaensis; D— dorsal view, L—lateral view). 6–8. Male anal tergite in Bolua (6—B. turkiyae, 7—B. balıkesirensis, 8—B. bursaensis). 9–11. Male cercus in Bolua (9—B. turkiyae, 10—B. balıkesirensis, 11—B. bursaensis). 12–14. Male subgenital plate in Bolua (12—B. turkiyae, 13—B. balıkesirensis, 14—B. bursaensis). 15–17. Titillators in Bolua (15—B. turkiyae, 16—B. balıkesirensis, 17—B. bursaensis)
FIGURE 1. ZFMK 73431 in On the genetic identity of Eutropis tytleri (Theobald, 1868) and E. andamanensis (Smith, 1935) (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae)
FIGURE 1. ZFMK 73431 re-identified here as Eutropis andamanensis (top panel); CSPT L33a Eutropis tytleri (bottom panel)
Molecular and quantitative genetic variation within and between populations of the declining grassland species Saxifraga granulata
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Formerly common plant species are expected to be particularly susceptible to recent habitat fragmentation. We studied the population genetics of 19 recently fragmented <em>Saxifraga granulata</em> populations (max. distance 61 km) in Luxembourg and neighbouring Germany using RAPD markers and a common garden experiment. We assessed (1) the relationships between plant fitness, quantitative genetic variation, molecular genetic variation and population size, and (2) the relative importance of genetic drift and selection in shaping genetic variation. Molecular genetic diversity was high but did not correlate with population size, habitat conditions or with plant performance. Genetic differentiation was low (<em>F</em><sub>ST</sub> = 0.079 ± 0.135) and there was no isolation by distance. Longevity, clonality and the long-lived seed bank of <em>S. granulata</em> may have prevented strong genetic erosion and genetic differentiation among populations. H</span><span>owever, genetic distinctness increased with decreasing genetic diversity indicating that random genetic drift occurred in the studied populations. Quantitative and molecular gen</span><span>etic variation were correlated and their differentiation (<em>Q</em><sub>ST </sub>vs. <em>F</em><sub>ST</sub>) among <em>S. granulata</em> populations was similar, suggesting that mainly random processes have shaped the quantitative genetic differentiation among populations. However, pairwise quantitative genetic distances increased with geographic and climatic distances, even when adjusted for molecular genetic distances, indicating diversifying selection. Our results indicate that long-lived clonal species may be buffered at least temporarily against the negative effects of fragmentation. The relationship between quantitative genetic and geographic distance may be a more sensitive indicator of selection than <em>Q</em><sub>ST</sub> - <em>F</em><sub>ST</sub> differences.</span></p>
Genetically predicted lipid traits, diabetes mellitus liability and carotid intima-media thickness in African ancestry individuals: a Mendelian randomization study
<p>Genetic variants used for the analysis of 'Genetically predicted lipid traits, diabetes mellitus liability and carotid intima-media thickness in African ancestry individuals: a Mendelian randomization study'.</p>
Both selection and drift drive the spatial pattern of adaptive genetic variation in a wild mammal
<p><span>The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been intensively studied to test for the relative effects of different evolutionary forces in recent decades. Pathogen-mediated balancing selection is generally thought to explain the high polymorphism observed in MHC genes, but it is still unclear to what extent MHC diversity is shaped by selection relative to neutral drift. In this study, we genotyped MHC class II DRB genes and 15 neutral microsatellite loci across 26 geographic populations of European badgers (<em>Meles meles</em>) covering most of their geographic range. By comparing the variation of microsatellites and the diversity of MHC at different levels, we demonstrate that both balancing selection and drift have shaped the evolution of MHC genes. When only MHC allelic identity was investigated, the spatial pattern of MHC variation was similar to that of microsatellites. By contrast, when functional aspects of the MHC diversity (e.g. immunological supertypes) were considered, balancing selection appears to decrease genetic structuring across populations. Our comprehensive sampling and analytical approach enable us to conclude that the likely mechanisms of selection are heterozygote advantage and/or rare-allele advantage. This study is a clear demonstration of how both balancing selection and genetic drift simultaneously affect the evolution of MHC genes in a widely-distributed wild mammal.</span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Morphological and genetic analysis of Milnesium cf. granulatum (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) from Northeastern North America
FIGURE 2. Milnesium cf. granulatum from New Hampshire, USA. A, dorsal reticular sculpture of adult female. B, dorsal reticular sculpture of hatchling. C, posterior pseudoplates. A, B, phase contrast microscopy. C, fluorescent microscopy. Scale bars: 10 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Morphological and genetic analysis of Milnesium cf. granulatum (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) from Northeastern North America
FIGURE 1. Milnesium cf. granulatum from New Hampshire, USA. Phase contrast microscopy. A, adult female habitus. B, hatchling habitus. Scale bars: A, 100 μm. B, 50 μm.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and genetic analysis of Milnesium cf. granulatum (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) from Northeastern North America
FIGURE 4. Milnesium cf. granulatum from New Hampshire, USA. Phase contrast microscopy. A, claw 2 of mother's exuvia. B, claw 2 of hatchling. C, claw 4 of mother's exuvia. D, claw 4 of hatchling. Scale bars: 10 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and genetic analysis of Milnesium cf. granulatum (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) from Northeastern North America
FIGURE 3. Milnesium cf. granulatum from New Hampshire, USA. Phase contrast microscopy. A, buccal tube of adult female. B, buccal tube of hatchling. Scale bars: 10 μm.
FIGURE 5 in Morphological and genetic analysis of Milnesium cf. granulatum (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) from Northeastern North America
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic tree of Milnesium spp. based on the ITS-2 region of DNA. Numbers above nodes indicate bootstrap values. New sequences are marked with bold font.
FIGURE 19. Ilyodromus hiatus n in Patterns of genetic divergence in the Ilyodromus amplicolis lineage (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 19. Ilyodromus hiatus n. sp. ♂ (WAM57868) from granite rock pool on top of Wannara Rock, north of Wubin, Western Australia, Australia A–C. A. Prehensile palp of left L5. B. Hp. C. Prehensile palp of right L5. Scales: A–C = 77 µm.
FIGURE 16. Ilyodromus hiatus n in Patterns of genetic divergence in the Ilyodromus amplicolis lineage (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 16. Ilyodromus hiatus n. sp. ♀ (WAM57872, RTJ2) from granite rock pool on top of Wannara Rock, north of Wubin, Western Australia, Australia A–G. A. A1. B. A1, detail of RO. C. A2. D. A2, detail of natatory setae. E. Md coxa. F. Md palp. Scales: A, C = 200 µm, B, D = 40 µm, E–F = 150 µm
FIGURE 12. Ilyodromus sensaddito. n in Patterns of genetic divergence in the Ilyodromus amplicolis lineage (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 12. Ilyodromus sensaddito. n. sp. from Drummond Pool, Western Australia, Australia A–F. A. ♀, (WAM57857) Left and right A1, detail of RO (red) and additional seta. B. ♀ (WAM57857), Left A1, detail of RO (red). C. ♀ (WAM57857), A2, detail of natatory setae (red). D. ♀ (WAM57857), CR, detail of Sp (red). E. ♂ (WAM57858), Left and right L5, detail of prehensile palp first (blue) and second (yellow) segments. F. ♂ (WAM57858), Hp, detail of ls (blue) and ms (yellow). Colour only visible in electronic version. Scales: A, C = 50 µm, B = 10 µm, D = 150 µm, E = 100 µm, F = 200 µm
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.