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Figures 26–32 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figures 26–32. Species included in this study. Fig. 26. Micrathena furcata, female carapace, dorsal. Fig. 27. Micrathena digitata, female sternum, ventral. Fig. 28. Micrathena spitzi, female sternum, ventral. Fig. 29. Micrathena spinosa, female sternum, ventral. Fig. 30. Micrathena digitata, abdomen end, lateral. Fig. 31. Micrathena lepidoptera, female abdomen, ventral. Fig. 32. Micrathena spinosa, epigynum and booklungs, ventral. Abbreviations: EP, epigynum sclerotized plate; LMA, large median apodeme; LPB, lateral pigmented bands; MPS, median pigmented stripe; PSL, posterior spine lobe; SA, small apodeme; SpA, spinnerets apodeme; SR, spinnerets sclerotized ring; ST, spinnerets tubercle; VS, ventral spines. Scale bars: 26, 29, 30, 31, 32 = 1 mm; 27, 28 = 0.5 mm.

Figures 22–25 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figures 22–25. Scanning electron microscopy images of species included in the current study. Fig. 22. Wagneriana dimastophora, male copulatory bulb, mesal. Fig. 23. Micrathena nigrichelis, female eye region, dorsolateral. Arrow indicates the post-ocular macroseta. Fig. 24. Gasteracantha. cancriformis, female carapace, dorsolateral. Fig. 25. Micrathena plana, female carapace, dorsolateral. Abbreviations: ALE, anterior lateral eye; AME, anterior median eye; BL, bulb length; BW, bulb width; C, conductor; CH, cephalic hump; E, embolus; LSR, lateral setae rows; MA, median apophysis rim; P, pleura; PLE, posterior lateral eye; PM, paramedian apophysis; PME, posterior median eye; R, radix; TA, terminal apophysis; TF, thoracic fovea; TP, tegular projection.

Figures 18–21 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figures 18–21. Scanning electron microscopy images of species included in the current study. Fig. 18. Chaetacis aureola, female fourth leg, ventral. Fig. 19. Micrathena horrida, epigynum, and book lung covers, anterolateral. Circles indicate anterior apodemes. Fig. 20. Micrathena nigrichelis, epigynum, subventral. Fig. 21. Micrathena nigrichelis, male copulatory bulb, mesal. Abbreviations: BP, basal projection of the median apophysis; C, conductor; CL, conductor lobe; CO, copulatory openings; CS, coxal spines; E, embolus; EL, epigynum lobe; FSB, femoral setal bases; LP, epigynum lateral plates; MA, median apophysis rim; PM, paramedian apophysis; R, radix; SF, booklung stridulating files; TA, terminal apophysis; TB, epigynum transverse bar; TP, tegular projection.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figure 10. Optimization of the lengths of the first (left) and second (right) pairs of posterior spines under a squaredchange parsimony model. Values are expressed as a proportion of carapace length. Darker values indicate greater lengths and the scale is the same for both traits. Spines are considered to be extremely elongated if longer than the carapace. Micrathena spiders are highlighted by the grey background.

Figure 11 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figure 11. Optimization of female (left) and male (right) carapace lengths under a squared-change parsimony model. Values are expressed in millimetres. Darker values indicate greater lengths and the scale is the same for both sexes. The greater the difference of tone between males and females, the higher the sexual size dimorphism for a given species. Micrathena spiders are highlighted by the grey background.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figure 7. Character optimizations of the discrete data set in the tree obtained through implied-weighted parsimony (k = 5). Character numbers are indicated above circles and character states are indicated below circles. Filled circles indicate convergence-free apomorphies, open circles represent homoplasious synapomorphies. For character descriptions, see Appendix 1. The grids near the nodes represent a sensitivity analysis using different values of k; open cells represent presence of the corresponding clade in a given weighting scheme, whereas filled cells represent its absence. Different Micrathena species groups are indicated by the alternating background colour. Scale bar = 2.0 mm. All spiders (females at left, males at right) drawn to scale and printed approximately at natural sizes. Continued in Figs 8 and 9.

Figures 5–6. Optimal trees obtained under Bayesian analyses. Fig. 5. Mkv model. Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figures 5–6. Optimal trees obtained under Bayesian analyses. Fig. 5. Mkv model. Fig. 6. MkvG model. Posterior probabilities values are indicated below branches.

Figures 3–4. Optimal trees obtained under parsimony analyses. Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figures 3–4. Optimal trees obtained under parsimony analyses. Fig. 3. Unweighted analysis [length = 575.3; consistency index (CI) = 0.305; retention index (RI) = 0.693]. Fig. 4. Implied weighted analysis (k = 5; length = 579.718; fit = 105; CI = 0.303; RI = 0.689). Bremer supports and symmetric resampling values are indicated below and above branches, respectively. Symmetric resampling values are given in frequency differences (GC; Goloboff et al., 2003).

Figures 1–2. Abdominal spine homology and measurements taken for this study. Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic analysis of Micrathena and Chaetacis spiders (Araneae: Araneidae) reveals multiple origins of extreme sexual size dimorphism and long abdominal spines

Figures 1–2. Abdominal spine homology and measurements taken for this study. Fig. 1. Chaetacis bandeirante, female habitus, dorsal. Arrows indicate primary apodemes. Fig. 2. Chaetacis bandeirante, female habitus, lateral. Abbreviations: AS, anterior spine; AW, abdomen width; CL, carapace length; CW, carapace width; ES, eye interdistance; FL, femur length; FSL, first posterior spine length; LS1, first lateral spine; LS2, second lateral spine; LS3, third lateral spine; PS1, first posterior spine; PS2, second posterior spine; PS3, third posterior spine; RW, rim width; SCL, spinneret cone length. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Long-lost Ceropegia rudatisii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)-Rediscovered and redescribed after 100 years

FIGURE 2. Morphological details of Ceropegia rudatisii. A, Longitudinal section through the corolla showing the inner colouration; B, Lateral view of gynostegium and corona (scale bar: 0.5 mm); C, Pollinarium (scale bar: 100 μm); D, Cluster of fleshy fusiform roots; E, Bract (indicated by arrow). Photographs: David Styles (A, D) and Annemarie Heiduk (B, C, E).

FIGURE 1 in Long-lost Ceropegia rudatisii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)-Rediscovered and redescribed after 100 years

FIGURE 1. Ceropegia rudatisii from the Dumisa area in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A, Full habit; B, Flower in situ at upper internode of the stem. Note: the flaccid-pendulous corolla lobe tips; C, Plant with well-developed follicles; D, Close up of the openings formed by the corolla lobe bases at the mouth of the tube; E, Close up of the spreading corolla lobes. Photographs: Annemarie Heiduk.

FIGURE 3 in Long-lost Ceropegia rudatisii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae)-Rediscovered and redescribed after 100 years

FIGURE 3. Habitat of Ceropegia rudatisii at Highflats (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). Photographed on 12 January 2020. Photograph: David Styles.

FIGURE 3 in A long-hidden pigmy shows itself again after almost a century: the rediscovery and lectotypification of Pygmaeorchis brasiliensis (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)

FIGURE 3. Photographs of Pygmaeorchis brasiliensis. A. Plant in its habitat. B. Detail of the flower. C. Detail of the fruit. By R. F. Hatakeyama and R. H. de Abreu based on Miranda & Hatakeyama 263.

FIGURE 2 in A long-hidden pigmy shows itself again after almost a century: the rediscovery and lectotypification of Pygmaeorchis brasiliensis (Laeliinae, Orchidaceae)

FIGURE 2. Illustration of Pygmaeorchis brasiliensis. A. General view of the plant. B. Detail of the flower. By S. G. Furtado based on Miranda & Hatakeyama 263.

Figure 3. Chronogram. The maximum clade credibility tree amongst 9000 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 3. Chronogram. The maximum clade credibility tree amongst 9000 trees from an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock analysis of the rDNA alignment. Nodes are labelled A–R and show mean node ages and 95% highest posterior density (HPD) ranges as wide black bars. See Table 1 for details of SDmean, 95% HPD confidence limits of mean ages, descriptions of nodes and of mean age agreement with external ages. Vertical lines labelled NZ (New Zealand), MAG (Magellanic), Laq (laqueoid) and Short (short-looped terebratulidine) mark the respective clades and the proximate and more distant outgroups. Evolutionary model for dating analysis: 18 taxa, 2833 sites, general time reversible with estimated frequency of invariant sites and gamma rate distribution (four rate categories) with empirical base frequencies; uncorrelated lognormal distribution. Priors: substitution rates, Jefferies; site model alpha and invariant, Normal, mean = 0.7, SD = 0.1, initial = 0.7; tree model root height, lognormal logx mean = 2.39, SD = 0.5; defined taxon sets, default tree prior. Markov chain Monte Carlo chain 107 cycles, sampled every 103. TreeAnnotator was used to identify the maximum clade credibility tree of 9000 trees after 1001 trees were discarded as burnin.

Figure 5 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope images of transverse sections of dorsal shells. Images are from near the middle of each section and therefore are approximately perpendicular to the shell anterior–posterior axis. Labels indicate primary layer (PL) and secondary layer (SL). Measurements are from various mid-section locations, not only those in images. Scale bars: A–C, E, F = 200 Mm, D = 100 Mm. If viewed on screen or printed as a full-page image the secondary fibres may appear too small to be clearly visible. Therefore the original figures (~760 dpi) are also available in Appendix S2A–F. A, Coptothyris sp. Shell total thickness 748–1130 Mm (ribs), 474–527 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 632 ± 193 Mm (N = 7). PL thickness 49.4–64.9 Mm (ribs), 24.4–26.6 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 757–951 Mm (ribs), 472–480 Mm (grooves). B, Terebratalia transversa. Shell total thickness 883–982 Mm (ribs), 580–784 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 250 ± 89 Mm (N = 8). PL thickness 60–75.3 Mm (ribs), 44.2–60.7 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 850–929 Mm (ribs), 635–684 Mm (grooves). C, Magellania venosa. Shell total thickness 700–960 Mm. PL thickness 32.1–41.9 Mm. SL thickness 654–918 Mm. D, Terebratulina retusa. Shell total thickness 227–254 Mm (ribs), 163–173 Mm (grooves). PL thickness 30.6–64 Mm (ribs), 7.7–12.9 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 170–189 Mm (ribs), 136–164 Mm (grooves). E, Terebratella dorsata. Shell total thickness 873–973 Mm (ribs), 803–848 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 79.1 ± 18.4 Mm (N = 6). PL thickness 42–62.5 Mm (ribs), 28.6–39.1 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 850–929 Mm (ribs), 768–797 Mm (grooves). F, Terebratella sanguinea. Shell total thickness 338–414 Mm (ribs), 281–333 Mm (grooves). Mean rib height 56.9 ± 14.6 Mm (N = 3). PL thickness 31.4–46.5 Mm (ribs), 26.3–36.3 Mm (grooves). SL thickness 361–365 Mm (ribs), 259–285 Mm (grooves).

Figure 2 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1; all nucleotide sites) alignment, with bootstrap %. In the Akaike information criterion-selected best-fit ML model (Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano, with estimated frequency of invariable sites, Pinvar = 0.45 and gamma distribution of rates, shape parameter 0.92). Labels as in Figure 1.

Figure 1 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram based on rDNA sequences. Taxa with ribbed shells have underlined names. Vertical lines labelled NZ (New Zealand), MAG (Magellanic) and Laq (laqueoid) mark the respective ingroup clades and the outgroup. ML tree constructed by heuristic search with tree bisection-reconnection branch exchange, rooted with laqueoid outgroups and using the Akaike information criterion-selected alignment-specific general time reversible ML model with gamma and invariant site corrections, gamma shape = 0.78 Pinvar = 0.80. With bootstrap support (%) based on 1000 pseudoreplicates using ML distances analysed by BioNJ. The maximum parsimony and ML trees had identical topology and similar bootstrap % (parsimony length = 1169, consistency index = 0.95, retention index = 0.84).

Figure 4 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 4. Macrophotographs of Terebratella spp. individuals. A, B, dorsal and anterior views of an individual of Terebratella dorsata. C, dorsal view of a second individual of Terebratella dorsata. D, E, dorsal and anterior views of an individual of Terebratella sanguinea. F, dorsal view of a second individual of Terebratella sanguinea. Scale bars = 1.0 cm.

Figure 6 in Vicariance and convergence in Magellanic and New Zealand long-looped brachiopod clades (Pan-Brachiopoda: Terebratelloidea)

Figure 6. Growth trajectories. Scattergrams of length (L) and width (W) in samples of Magellania venosa (N = 31), Terebratella dorsata (N = 36) and Terebratella sanguinea (N = 63), with linear regression lines (not constrained to pass through zero). Regression accounts for 82 to 92% of the size variation. See text for details. t-tests for differences in slope found a significant difference (P = 0.01) between Magellania venosa and Terebratella dorsata and between each of them and Terebratella sanguinea (P << 0.001).