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15,542 results for “How long”
Figure 4 in How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera)
Figure 4. Photographs of holotype of Micromalthus anasi Perkovsky, 2008, now considered a junior synonym of Micromalthus debilis. A, dorsolateral view. Distal half of right wing missing. (Courtesy of Karin Wolf-Schwenninger, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany.) B, ventrolateral view of prothorax and head. Three apical antennomeres of the right antenna missing.
Figure 1. A in How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera)
Figure 1. A, photograph of Micromalthus debilis in Dominican amber (MTEC226, MSU Bozeman, USA), female specimen. B, extant female M. debilis in dorsal view. The abdomen appears comparatively short in the extant specimen because of (1) perspective distortion because the abdomen is bent downward and (2) because the segments are retracted. Arrows mark the protruding edges of two segments; in (A) the segments are fully extended.
Figure 3. A–C in How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera)
Figure 3. A–C, photographs of heads of Dominican amber specimens of Micromalthus from the Poinar collection. A, coll.no. C 7-191°.B, coll.no. C 7-191B. C, coll.no. C 7-191C. D, scanning electron micrograph of left antenna of extant specimen of Micromalthus debilis, dorsal view.
Figure 2 in How long can insect species exist? Evidence from extant and fossil Micromalthus beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera)
Figure 2. Micromalthus debilis from Dominican amber (MTEC226 MTU Bozeman, USA). A, dorsal view. B, ventral view, wings omitted, mouthparts and mesothorax obscured by white, foggy substance. A cloud of this substance also surrounds the last three abdominal segments. C, reconstruction of wing venation of fossil specimen. Nomenclature of wing veins after Wallace & Fox (1975). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figure 2 in Worldwide distribution of Syllophopsis subcoeca (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), an Old-World species long known only from the West Indies
Figure 2. Syllophopsis subcoeca worker from Tortola, British Virgin Islands (collected by J.K. Wetterer; photo by M. Esposito; from www.antweb.org; CASENT0923381).
Figure 3 in Worldwide distribution of Syllophopsis subcoeca (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), an Old-World species long known only from the West Indies
Figure 3. Distribution records of Syllophopsis subcoeca in the West Indies and Florida (from www. antweb.org).
Long Time-Series Glacier Outlines in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region from 1986 to 2021 Based on Deep Learning
<p>The glacier outlines in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region from 1986–2021 in a total of 12 periods were obtained based on Landsat-5 and 8 images using the M-LandsNet and through manual adjustments. The comparison with previous research results indicated that this dataset has high accuracy. This dataset can provide support for the study of the glaciers mass balance in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region.</p>
Capturing the dynamics of small populations: A retrospective assessment using long-term data for an island reintroduction
<p>1. The art of population modelling is to incorporate factors essential for capturing a population's dynamics while otherwise keeping the model as simple as possible. However, it is unclear how optimal model complexity should be assessed, and whether this optimal complexity has been affected by recent advances in modelling methodology. This issue is particularly relevant to small populations because they are subject to complex dynamics but inferences about those dynamics are often constrained by small sample sizes.</p> <p>2. We fitted Bayesian hierarchical models to long-term data on vital rates (survival and reproduction) for the toutouwai (Petroica longipes) population reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi, a 220-ha New Zealand island, and quantified the performance of those models in terms of their likelihood of replicating the observed population dynamics. These dynamics consisted of overall growth from 33 (± 0.3) to 160 (± 6) birds from 1992–2018, including recoveries following five harvest events for further reintroductions to other sites.</p> <p>3. We initially included all factors found to affect vital rates, which included inbreeding, post-release effects, density-dependence, sex, age and random annual variation, then progressively removed these factors. We also compared performance of models where data analysis and simulations were done simultaneously to those produced with the traditional two-step approach, where vital rates are estimated first then fed into a separate simulation model. Parametric uncertainty and demographic stochasticity were incorporated in all projections.</p> <p>4. The essential factors for replicating the population's dynamics were density-dependence in juvenile survival and post-release effects, i.e. initial depression of survival and reproduction in translocated birds. Inclusion of other factors reduced the precision of projections, and therefore the likelihood of matching observed dynamics. However, this reduction was modest when the modelling was done in an integrated framework. In contrast, projections were much less precise when done with a two-step modelling approach, and the cost of additional parameters was much higher under the two-step approach.</p> <p>5. These results suggest that minimization of complexity may be less important than accounting for covariances in parameter estimates, which is facilitated by integrating data analysis and population projections using Bayesian methods. 13-Aug-2021 --</p>
FIGURE 12 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 12. Additional quantitative aspects of longhead larvae with outlines of head capsules and stylets that were used in shape analysis. A, Scatterplot of head capsule width over head capsule length. B, Scatterplot of PC1 (shape of stylets and head capsule) over head capsule length. C, Scatterplot of relative stylet length over head capsule length. D, Scatterplot of relative stylet length over head capsule width.
FIGURE 10 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 10. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen BuB 10; all composite images. A, Habitus in dorsal view, non-polarised ring light on black background. B, Close-up; distal part of a locomotory appendage, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). C, Colour-marked version of A. D, Head capsule in ventral view, cross-polarised co-axial light on black background; teeth on stylets are marked with arrows. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; la = locomotory appendage; lp = labial palp; ne = neck; sy = stylet; th = thorax.
FIGURE 9 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 9. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen PED 0407; all composite images. A, Head capsule and its appendages in dorsal view, cross-polarised co-axial light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of A. C–D, Close-ups. C, Stylets with various teeth, small teeth are marked with arrows. D, Stemmata are marked with arrows. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; st = stemmata; sy = stylet.
FIGURE 6 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 6. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen BUB 3384; all composite images. A, Habitus in dorsal view, unpolarised ring light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of A. C, Habitus in ventral view, unpolarised ring light on black background. D–F, Close-ups. D, Head capsule and its appendages. E, Coloured-marked version of D. F, Locomotory appendage of prothorax, with trumpet-shaped empodia (marked by arrows). Abbreviations: a1–7 = abdomen segment 1–7; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; la = locomotory appendage; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; ne = neck; pt = prothorax; st = stemmata; sy = stylet; te = terminal end.
FIGURE 3 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 3. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen PED 0453; all composite images. A, Habitus in (possible) dorsal view, non-polarised ring light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of A. C, Habitus in (possible) ventral view, non-polarised ring light on white background. D–G, Close-ups. D, Stylets with prominent teeth; small teeth are marked by arrows. E, Supposed left locomotory appendage of prothorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). F, Supposed left locomotory appendage of mesothorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). G, Supposed right locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). Abbreviations: at = antenna; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; sy = stylet; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia.
FIGURE 5 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 5. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen PED 0582; all composite images. A, Habitus in dorso-lateral view, cross-polarised co-axial light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of A; inlet: close-up of tip of left antenna; subdivision of flagellum is marked with an arrow. C–E, Close-ups. C, Head capsule and its appendages, non-polarised ring light on white background; teeth on stylets are marked with arrows. D, Left locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). E, Right locomotory appendage of prothorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). Abbreviations: a1–7 = abdomen segment 1–7; at = antenna; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; la = locomotory appendage; lp = labial palp; mb = membrane; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; ne = neck; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; ta = tarsus; te = terminal end; ti = tibia.
FIGURE 11 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 11. Scatterplot of PC2 over PC1, representing the shapes of head capsules and stylets of different larvae of Myrmeleontiformia. The group "longheads" includes the new larvae described in this study and the holotype of Macleodiella electrina (see discussion).
FIGURE 2 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 2. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen PED 0436; all composite images. A, Habitus in ventral view, non-polarised ring light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of A. C–F, Close-ups. C, Right locomotory appendage of prothorax; claws are marked with arrows. D, Right locomotory appendage of mesothorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). E, Left locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). F, Right locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow) Abbreviations: at = antenna; cx = coxa; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; st = stemmata; sy = stylet; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter.
FIGURE 1 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 1. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen BUB 3954; all composite images. A, Habitus in dorsal view, cross-polarised co-axial light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of C. C, Habitus in latero-ventral view, cross-polarised co-axial light on black background. D–F, Close-ups. D, Distal part of locomotory appendages of mesothorax, with trumpet-shaped empodia (marked by arrows). E, Tarsus with a claw and an empodium of right locomotory appendage of prothorax. F, Head capsule and stylets, teeth on stylets are marked with arrows. Abbreviations: a1–9 = abdomen segment 1–9; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; la = locomotory appendage; lp = labial palp; m? = membrane; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; ne = neck; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; te = terminal end.
FIGURE 4 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 4. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen PED 0566; all composite images. A, Habitus in dorsal view, non-polarised ring light on white background. B, Colour-marked version of A. C, Close-up; right locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). D, Habitus in ventral view, non-polarised ring light on white background. E, Close-up; distal part of left locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). Abbreviations: at = antenna; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; la = locomotory appendages; ms = mesothorax; ne = neck; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia.
FIGURE 8 in Long-headed predators in Cretaceous amber-fossil findings of an unusual type of lacewing larva
FIGURE 8. Longhead larva preserved in Myanmar amber, specimen PED 0344; all composite images. A, Habitus in ventral view, transmitted light. B, Colour-marked version of A. C, Habitus in ventral view, non-polarised ring light on white background. D–E, Close-ups. D, Head capsule and its appendages; teeth on stylets are marked with arrows. E, Right locomotory appendage of metathorax, with trumpet-shaped empodium (marked by arrow). Abbreviations: a1–7 = abdomen segments 1–7; at = antenna; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; la = locomotory appendage; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; st = stemmata; sy = stylet; ta = tarsus; te = terminal end; ti = tibia.
Data from: Dispersal limitations and long-term persistence drive differentiation from haplotypes to communities within a tropical sky-island: evidence from community metabarcoding
<p>Neutral theory proposes that dispersal stochasticity is one of the main drivers of local diversity. Haplotypes-level genetic variation can now be efficiently sampled from across whole communities, thus making it possible to test neutral predictions from the genetic to species-level diversity, and higher. However, empirical data is still limited, with the few studies to date coming from temperate latitudes. Here, we focus on a tropical mountain within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt to evaluate spatially fine-scale patterns of arthropod community assembly to understand the role of dispersal limitation and landscape features as drivers of diversity. We sampled whole-communities of arthropods for eight orders at a spatial scale ranging from 50 m to 19 km, using <span>whole community metabarcoding. We explored multiple hierarchical levels, from individual haplotypes to lineages at 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5% similarity thresholds, to evaluate patterns of richness, turnover,</span><span> and distance decay of similarity </span><span>with isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-resistance (</span><span>costs to dispersal given by landscape features</span><span>) approaches. </span><span>Our results showed that distance and altitude influence distance decay of similarity at all hierarchical levels. This holds for arthropod groups of contrasting dispersal abilities, but with different strength depending on the spatial scale. Our results support a model where local-scale differentiation mediated by dispersal constraints, combined with long-term persistence of lineages, is an important driver of diversity within tropical sky islands.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.