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12,871 results for “aging;”
Data from: Age determination in echinoderms: first evidence of annual growth rings in holothuroids
While age is fundamental in animal biology, forming the basis of critical concepts such as life-history strategies, longevity and population structures, measuring this variable in some taxa remains problematic. Such is the case of holothuroid echinoderms, which play key roles in marine benthic communities from the shore to the abyss, and are extensively fished in many regions across the globe. Here we present and validate a promising aging technique using the cold-water species Psolus fabricii. The method involves the extraction of the oldest dermal plates (largest dorsal ossicles) to preserve their original pigments and structure. While plates initially appear to have a uniform texture, polishing and dying them reveals layered ring patterns. A study of laboratory-reared juveniles, from settlement to 40 months of age, confirmed that one layer is added annually, making plates both larger and thicker, and generating successive light and dark rings, the latter representing the transition (overlap) between two layers. Therefore, each pair of rings represents an annual growth band. Size-at-age data obtained using this method revealed that growth of P. fabricii is slow and that wild individuals collected at diving depths had reached an age of several decades.
Data from: Application of a novel molecular method to age free-living wild Bechstein's bats
The age profile of populations fundamentally affects their conservation status. Yet age is frequently difficult to assess in wild animals. Here, we assessed the use of DNA methylation of homologous genes to establish the age structure of a rare and elusive wild mammal: the Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). We collected 62 wing punches from individuals whose ages were known as a result of a long-term banding study. DNA methylation was measured at seven CpG sites from three genes which have previously shown age-associated changes in humans and laboratory mice. All CpG sites from the tested genes showed a significant relationship between DNA methylation and age, both individually and in combination (multiple linear regression R2=0.58, p<0.001). Despite slight approximation around estimates, the approach is sufficiently precise to place animals into practically useful age cohorts. This method is of considerable practical benefit as it can reliably age individual bats. It is also much faster than traditional capture-mark-recapture techniques, with the potential to collect information on the age structure of an entire colony from a single sampling session to better inform conservation actions for Bechstein's bats. By identifying three genes where DNA methylation correlates with age across distantly related species, this study also suggests that the technique can potentially be applied across a wide range of mammals.
Data from: The contributions of sex, genotype and age to transcriptional variance in Drosophila melanogaster
Here we present a statistically rigorous approach to quantifying microarray expression data that allows the relative effects of multiple classes of treatment to be compared and incorporates analytical methods that are common to quantitative genetics. From the magnitude of gene effects and contributions of variance components, we find that gene expression in adult flies is affected most strongly by sex, less so by genotype and only weakly by age (for 1- and 6-wk flies); in addition, sex x genotype interactions may be present for as much as 10% of the Drosophila transcriptome. This interpretation is compromised to some extent by statistical issues relating to power and experimental design. Nevertheless, we show that changes in expression as small as 1.2-fold can be highly significant. Genotypic contributions to transcriptional variance may be of a similar magnitude to those relating to some quantitative phenotypes and should be considered when assessing the significance of experimental treatments.
Data from: miR-9a modulates maintenance and ageing of Drosophila germline stem cells by limiting N-cadherin expression
Ageing is characterized by a decline in stem cell functionality leading to dampened tissue regeneration. While the expression of microRNAs across multiple species is markedly altered with age, the mechanism by which they govern stem cell-sustained tissue regeneration is unknown. We report that in the Drosophila testis, the conserved miR-9a is expressed in germline stem cells and its levels are significantly elevated during ageing. Transcriptome and functional analyses show that miR-9a directly regulates the expression of the adhesion molecule N-cadherin (N-cad). miR-9a null mutants maintain a higher number of stem cells even in the aged tissue. Remarkably, this rise fails to improve tissue regeneration and results in reduced male fertility. Similarly, overexpression of N-cad also results in elevated stem cell number and decreased regeneration. We propose that miR-9a downregulates N-cad to enable adequate detachment of stem cells toward differentiation, thus providing the necessary directionality toward terminal differentiation and spermatogenesis.
Transcriptomic signatures of ageing vary in solitary and social forms of an orchid bee
<p>Eusocial insect queens are remarkable in their ability to maximise both fecundity and longevity, thus escaping the typical trade-off between these two traits. Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the remoulding of the trade-off, such as reshaping of the juvenile hormone pathway, or caste-specific susceptibility to oxidative stress. However, it remains a challenge to disentangle the molecular mechanisms underlying the remoulding of the trade-off in eusocial insects from caste-specific physiological attributes that have subsequently arisen. The socially polymorphic orchid bee <i>Euglossa viridissima</i> represents an excellent model to address the role of sociality <i>per se</i> in longevity as it allows direct comparisons of solitary and social individuals within a common genetic background. We investigated gene expression and juvenile hormone levels in young and old bees from both solitary and social nests. We found 902 genes to be differentially expressed with age in solitary females, including those involved in oxidative stress, <i>versus </i>only 100 genes in social dominant females, and 13 genes in subordinate females. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis further highlights pathways related to ageing in this species, including the target of rapamycin pathway. Eleven genes involved in translation, apoptosis and DNA repair show concurrent age-related expression changes in solitary but not in social females, representing potential differences based on social status. Juvenile hormone titres did not vary with age or social status. Our results represent an important step in understanding the proximate mechanisms underlying the remodelling of the fecundity/longevity trade-off that accompanies the evolutionary transition from solitary life to eusociality.</p>
Figure 4 in The occurrence of facultative paedomorphosis in a lacustrine population of the Pyrenean newt (Calotriton asper): morphology and age structure
Figure 4. Stained cross-section of a phalange of an 18-year-old larva of Calotriton asper.
Figure 3 in Age, body size and growth pattern of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni (Anura: Hylidae) in northeastern Argentina
Figure 3. Age distribution of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni.
Long-term development of lens fluorescence in a twin cohort: Heritability and effects of age and lifestyle
<p><b>Background</b>: The blue-green autofluorescence of the ocular lens increases with age, glycemia and smoking, as the irreplaceable structural proteins of the lens slowly accumulate damage from the encounter with reactive molecular species. We have conducted a prospective study of lens autofluorescence over two decades in a twin cohort.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: The study included 131 phakic, non-diabetic adult twins (median age at follow-up 58 years, range 41-66 years) who were examined twice at an interval of 21 years. Change in anterior lens peak autofluorescence was analyzed in relation to age, current and baseline glycemia, cumulative smoking and heritability.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The level of lens autofluorescence in the study population increased as a function of age and smoking (p ≤.002), but not as a function of glycemia (p ≥.069). Lens autofluorescence remained a highly heritable trait (90.6 % at baseline and 93.3 % at follow-up), but whereas the combined effect of age and cumulative smoking explained 57.2 % of the variance in lens autofluorescence at baseline in mid-life, it only accounted for 31.6 % at follow-up 21 years later.</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b>: From mid to late adulthood, the level of blue-green fluoescence remained overwhelmingly heritable, but became less predictable from age, smoking habits and glycemic status. Presumably, as the lens ages, its intrinsic characteristics come to dominate over environmental and systemic factors, perhaps in a prelude to the development of cataract.</p>
Fig. 2 in An Early Miocene Dome-Skulled Chalicothere from the ''Arikaree'' Conglomerates of Darton: Calibrating the Ages of High Plains Paleovalleys Against Rocky Mountain Tectonism
Fig. 2. Geology of the capping sandstones and gravels of the Patrick Buttes. Crosshatching indicates buttes of the northern trend capped by the Barstovian Spoon Butte Beds; an open pattern indicates buttes of the southern trend capped by the early Hemingfordian Carpenter Ranch Formation. Gravels of the Carpenter Ranch Formation (table 1) were sampled at sites marked I through VI; gravels from localities marked by black diamonds were combined to form the composite Spoon Butte Beds sample. Site OBQ marks the acid volcanicbearing terrace gravel of the Oberg Quarries. A stippled pattern shows the reconstructed areal extent of the Lay Ranch Beds, an early Miocene paleovalley fill containing latest Arikareean mammals.
Fig. 10 in An Early Miocene Dome-Skulled Chalicothere from the ''Arikaree'' Conglomerates of Darton: Calibrating the Ages of High Plains Paleovalleys Against Rocky Mountain Tectonism
Fig. 10. Partial right mandible of the chalicothere Tylocephalonyx (UNSM 44800) with m3 and partial m2, labial view, Carpenter Ranch Formation, from the south escarpment of Deahl Butte, Goshen County, Wyoming (locality data provided in table 3).
FIG. 2. — A in Mammal bearing late Miocene tuffs of the Akkaşdağı region; distribution, age, petrographical and geochemical characteristics
FIG. 2. — A, detailed geological map of the area with mammal locaties; B, section across the Akkaşdağı mammal locality and facies distribution in the Akkaşdağı Formation.
Fig. 23 in An Early Miocene Dome-Skulled Chalicothere from the ''Arikaree'' Conglomerates of Darton: Calibrating the Ages of High Plains Paleovalleys Against Rocky Mountain Tectonism
Fig. 23. Left maxilla of the canid Phlaocyon leucosteus (UNSM 44822) with P3M2, Cow Trail Notch local fauna, Carpenter Ranch Formation, East Sturdivant Butte, Sioux County, Nebraska. Stereopair. Scale bar, 1 cm.
Figure 11 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)
Figure 11. Relationships between bone texture type and femur length body-size proxy for individuals with known habitat. A, femora. B, tibiae. C, humeri.
Figure 5 in Growth and textural ageing in long bones of the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae)
Figure 5. Relationships between femur length body-size proxy and element percentage maturity based on cluster analyses of long bone landmarks. A, femora: three individuals 25% mature, 21 individuals 50% mature, 61 individuals 75% mature, 24 individuals 100% mature. B, tibiae: one individual 0% mature, 16 individuals 33% mature, 24 individuals 67% mature, four individuals 100% mature. C, humeri: three individuals 0% mature, seven individuals 33% mature, 32 individuals 67% mature, six individuals 100% mature.
Fig. 10 in Age and growth of the Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933 in the Brazilian South-Southeast Region during 1996-2001
Fig. 10. Merluccius hubbsi: age-size data and growth curve fitted applying Campana back-calculated method for females.
FIG. 8 in A new specimen of the ornithischian dinosaur Haya griva, cross-Gobi geologic correlation, and the age of the Zos Canyon beds
FIG. 8. Dorsal view of the dorsal vertebrae showing the latticelike ossified tendons in IGM 100/3181. Anterior is to the right.
Data from: An Early Oligocene age for the oldest known monkeys and rodents of South America
<p>The Santa Rosa fossil locality in eastern Perú produced the first Paleogene vertebrate fauna from the Amazon Basin, including the oldest known monkeys from South America. This diverse paleofauna was originally assigned an Eocene age, based largely on the stage of evolution of the site's caviomorph rodents and marsupials. Here we present new detrital zircon dates that indicate that the maximum composite age of Santa Rosa is 29.6±0.8 Ma (Lower Oligocene), although several zircons from Santa Rosa date to the Upper Oligocene. The first appearance datum for Caviomorpha in South America is purported to be the CTA-27 site in the Contamana region of Perú, which is hypothesized to be ~41 Ma (Middle Eocene) in age. However, the presence of the same caviomorph species and/or genera<i> </i>at both CTA-27 and at Santa Rosa is now difficult to reconcile with a >11 Myr age difference. To further test the Middle Eocene age estimate for CTA-27, we ran multiple Bayesian tip-dating analyses of Caviomorpha, treating the ages of all Paleogene species from Perú as unknown. These analyses produced mean age estimates for Santa Rosa that overlap with the maximum 29.6±0.8 Ma composite date provided by detrital zircons, but predict that CTA-27 is much younger than currently thought (~31-30 Ma). We conclude that the ~41 Ma age proposed for CTA-27 is incorrect and that there are currently no compelling Eocene records of either rodents or primates in the known fossil record of South America.</p>
Dataset: Timing the emergence and development of arable farming in Southeastern Norway by using summed probability distribution of radiocarbon dates and a Bayesian age model
<p>The repository contains radiocarbon data and code for the paper</p> <p>TIMING THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABLE FARMING IN 7 SOUTHEASTERN NORWAY BY USING SUMMED PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 8 OF RADIOCARBON DATES AND A BAYESIAN AGE MODEL</p> <p>Published in Radiocarbon 2021 (DOI:10.1017/RDC.2021.80) </p> <p>ABSTRACT. The paper explores the emergence and development of arable farming in southeastern Norway by 12 compiling and analyzing directly dated cereals from archaeological contexts. By using summed probability 13 distributions of radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modeling, the paper presents the first comprehensive analysis of 14 the directly dated evidence for farming in the region. The models provide a more precise temporal resolution to 15 the development than hitherto presented. The results demonstrate that the introduction of arable farming to 16 southeastern Norway was a long-term development including several steps. Three different stages are pointed out 17 as important in the process of establishing arable farming: the Early and Middle Neolithic, the Late Neolithic, and 18 the Early Iron Age.</p>
Age composition of subsistence harvests and total return of sockeye salmon from the Kvichak River
<p>This project aged samples of sockeye salmon harvested in the subsistence fishery in the Kvichak River watershed in 2018 and 2019. Age data were vital to previously funded AKSSF Project #44362 ("Stock Composition of Subsistence Harvests and Total Return of Sockeye Salmon from the Kvichak River"). It was determined in that project's first year that scale reabsorption necessitated using otoliths to age samples rather than scales. Ages from otolith reading combined with stock composition estimates from genetic mixed stock analysis were used to evaluate survival and productivity of brood years 2012–2015 at smolt and returning adult life stages. This project only produced the age reads from otoliths.</p> <p>Knowing the age composition of harvests permits reconstruction of the sockeye salmon return and examination of cohort returns and estimation of marine survival. This project dovetailed with AKSSF Project #44362 (Stock Composition of Subsistence Harvests and Total Return of Sockeye Salmon from the Kvichak River) by pairing age composition data with genetic stock composition data. Accurate age data are key to fisheries management. Harvests from in five communities along the Kvichak River were sampled (Kokhanok, Pedro Bay, Iliamna-Newhalen, Nondalton and Port Alsworth). Otoliths were collected during 2017, 2018, and 2019 to use to estimate the age.</p>
PatchFlow v1.0 age-stratified networks ZAF
Age-stratified synthetic mobility networks for ZAF
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