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2,774 results for “Agent”
Data from: Seed ingestion and germination in rattlesnakes: overlooked agents of rescue and secondary dispersal
Seed dispersal is a key evolutionary process and a central theme in the population ecology of terrestrial plants. The primary producers of most land-based ecosystems are propagated by and maintained through various mechanisms of seed dispersal that involve both abiotic and biotic modes of transportation. By far the most common biotic seed transport mechanism is zoochory, whereby seeds, or fruits containing them, are dispersed through the activities of animals. Rodents are one group of mammals that commonly prey on seeds (granivores) and play a critical, often destructive, role in primary dispersal and the dynamics of plant communities. In North America, geomyid, heteromyid and some sciurid rodents have specialized cheek pouches for transporting seeds from plant source to larder, where they are often eliminated from the pool of plant propagules by consumption. These seed-laden rodents are commonly consumed by snakes as they forage, but unlike raptors, coyotes, bobcats, and other endothermic predators which eat rodents and are known or implicated to be secondary seed dispersers, the role of snakes in seed dispersal remains unexplored. Here, using museum-preserved specimens, we show that in nature three desert-dwelling rattlesnake species consumed heteromyids with seeds in their cheek pouches. By examining the entire gut we discovered, furthermore, that secondarily ingested seeds can germinate in rattlesnake colons. In terms of secondary dispersal, rattlesnakes are best described as diplochorous. Because seed rescue and secondary dispersal in snakes has yet to be investigated, and because numerous other snake species consume granivorous and frugivorous birds and mammals, our observations offer direction for further empirical studies of this unusual but potentially important channel for seed dispersal.
Data from: A new malaria agent in African hominids.
Plasmodium falciparum is the major human malaria agent responsible for 200 to 300 million infections and one to three million deaths annually, mainly among African infants. The origin and evolution of this pathogen within the human lineage is still unresolved. A single species, P. reichenowi, which infects chimpanzees, is known to be a close sister lineage of P. falciparum. Here we report the discovery of a new Plasmodium species infecting Hominids. This new species has been isolated in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept as pets by villagers in Gabon (Africa). Analysis of its complete mitochondrial genome (5529 nucleotides including Cyt b, Cox I and Cox III genes) reveals an older divergence of this lineage from the clade that includes P. falciparum and P. reichenowi (approximately 21+/-9 Myrs ago using Bayesian methods and considering that the divergence between P. falciparum and P. reichenowi occurred 4 to 7 million years ago as generally considered in the literature). This time frame would be congruent with the radiation of hominoids, suggesting that this Plasmodium lineage might have been present in early hominoids and that they may both have experienced a simultaneous diversification. Investigation of the nuclear genome of this new species will further the understanding of the genetic adaptations of P. falciparum to humans. The risk of transfer and emergence of this new species in humans must be now seriously considered given that it was found in two chimpanzees living in contact with humans and its close relatedness to the most virulent agent of malaria.
Data from: Adaptive evolution of a generalist parasitoid: implications for the effectiveness of biological control agents
The use of alternative hosts imposes divergent selection pressures on parasitoid populations. In response to selective pressures, these populations may follow different evolutionary trajectories. Divergent natural selection could promote local host adaptation in populations, translating into direct benefits for biological control thereby increasing their effectiveness on the target host. Alternatively, adaptive phenotypic plasticity could be favored over local adaptation in temporal and spatially heterogeneous environments. We investigated the existence of local host adaptation in Aphidius ervi, an important biological control agent, by examining different traits related to infectivity (preference) and virulence (a proxy of parasitoid fitness) on different aphid-host species. The results showed significant differences in parasitoid infectivity on their natal host compared with the non-natal hosts. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and non-natal hosts, thus supporting a lack of host adaptation in these introduced parasitoid populations. Our results highlight the role of phenotypic plasticity in fitness-related traits of parasitoids enabling them to maximize fitness on alternative hosts. This could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, A. ervi females showed significant differences in infectivity and virulence across the tested host range, thus suggesting a possible host phylogeny effect for those traits.
Data from: Migratory passage structures at hydropower plants as potential physiological and behavioural selective agents
Anthropogenic activities affect fish populations worldwide. River dams have profound impacts on ecosystems by changing habitats and hindering migration. In an effort to counteract such effects a diversity of mitigation measures has been installed at hydroelectric power plants. Still, not all individuals in a population use these measures, creating potentially strong selection processes at hydroelectric power plants. Especially, during migration, when fish can get heavily delayed or pass through a hydropower turbine, facing increased mortality compared to those using a safe bypass route. In this study, we quantify migration route choices of descending wild PIT-tagged Atlantic salmon smolts released upstream from a hydroelectric plant. We demonstrate how only a few meters' displacement of bypass canals can have a large impact on the fish guidance efficiency. The proportion of fish using the bypasses increased when water was released in surface gates closer to the turbine intake. During a period of low fish guidance efficiency, we observed two different smolt migratory strategies. While some individuals spent little time in the forebay before migrating through the turbine tunnel, others remained in the forebay. We suggest that these groups represent different behavioural types, and that sub-optimal mitigation measures at hydropower intakes may therefore induce strong selection on salmon behavioural traits. The ultimate outcome of these selection mechanisms is discussed in light of potential trade-offs between turbine-migration mortality costs and optimal sea-entrance timing survival benefits.
Data from: Identification of an early male-killing agent in the oriental tea tortrix, Homona magnanima
Arthropods are frequently infected with inherited symbionts, which sometimes confer fitness benefits on female hosts or manipulate host reproduction. Early male killing, in which infected males die during embryogenesis, is induced by some bacteria, such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. A female-biased sex ratio has been found in Homona magnanima, collected from a tea plantation in Japan. Here, we examined the male-killing trait in H. magnanima and identified the agent that induces early male killing. The sex ratio distortion (SR) strain produced only females and no males, and its egg hatch rate was significantly lower than that of the normal (N) strain. The N strain was infected with only Wolbachia, whereas the SR strain was infected with both Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Antibiotic treatment with 0.10% tetracycline restored the 1:1 sex ratio in the SR strain. Females treated with 0.05% tetracycline were positive for Spiroplasma but not for Wolbachia and showed a female-biased sex ratio, whereas Wolbachia-positive females did not revert to male killing. When inoculated with a homogenate of the SR strain female, females infected with only Spiroplasma produced female-biased offspring. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that Spiroplasma sp. of H. magnanima belonged to the ixodetis clade. These results indicate that Spiroplasma was responsible for male killing in H. magnanima. Late male killing is induced in H. magnanima by an RNA-like virus, and therefore this is the first case in which different male-killing agents expressed at different times in the life cycle have been found within one host species.
Video Figure: Intelligent Agents and Networked Buttons Improve Free-Improvised Ensemble Music-Making on Touch-Screens
<p>This video figure is an overview of our study comparing two designs for network communications between touch-screen musical instruments played in free-improvised ensemble performances.</p> <p>The video shows an overview of the touch-screen app (PhaseRings) used in the study and each of the interface conditions.</p> <p>The abstract of the paper relating to this figure is as follows:</p> <p>We present the results of two controlled studies of free-improvised ensemble music-making on touch-screens. In our system, updates to an interface of harmonically-selected pitches are broadcast to every touch-screen in response to either a performer pressing a GUI button, or to interventions from an intelligent agent. In our first study, analysis of survey results and performance data indicated significant effects of the button on performer preference, but of the agent on performance length. In the second follow-up study, a mixed-initiative interface, where the presence of the button was interlaced with agent interventions, was developed to leverage both approaches. Comparison of this mixed-initiative interface with the always-on button-plus-agent condition of the first study demonstrated significant preferences for the former. The different approaches were found to shape the creative interactions that take place. Overall, this research offers evidence that an intelligent agent and a networked GUI both improve aspects of improvised ensemble music-making.</p>
When do agents outperform centralized algorithms? - A systematic empirical evaluation in logistics - datasets and results
<p>This directory contains the data and results that were used and obtained during the realization of the following paper:</p> <blockquote> <p>When do agents outperform centralized algorithms? - A systematic empirical evaluation in logistics. Rinde R.S. van Lon and Tom Holvoet. Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (2017).</p> </blockquote> <p>At the time of writing the paper is not yet accepted, some of the details (e.g. title, date of publication) are subject to change. The code that has been used can be found in this repository: https://github.com/rinde/vanLon17-JAAMAS-code</p> <p>Note that unpacked, all files are about 5 GB in total.</p> <p>This directory has the following structure:</p> <p>- makefile - script that can be used to run the analyses. The most important commands are:<br> - all - runs all analyses.<br> - paper-deps - runs only the analyses that were directly used in the paper.<br> - additional-analysis - runs several additional analyses.</p> <p>- readme.txt - this file.</p> <p>- results - contains all R-scripts used to analyse the data<br> - data/main - contains the results of the main result.<br> - data/mas-tuning - contains the results of the MAS tuning experiments.<br> - data/optaplanner-tuning-gendreau - contains the results of the OptaPlanner tuning experiments.<br> - data/sensitivity - contains the results of the simulator sensitivity experiments (using OptaPlanner algorithms).</p> <p>- scenarios<br> - gendreau2006 - contains the dataset from the Gendreau et al. [1] paper, used for the OptaPlanner tuning experiments.<br> - mas-tuning-dataset - contains the dataset that was used for tuning the MAS. This was generated using the code from https://github.com/rinde/vanLon17-JAAMAS-code<br> - vanLonHolvoet15-adapted-to-4-hours - contains the dataset that was used for the main experiment. This is an adapted version of the dataset from [2]. This version has a duration of 4 hours and requires a real-time simulator. It was generated using the code from https://github.com/rinde/vanLon17-JAAMAS-code </p> <ul> <li>[1] Michel Gendreau, Francois Guertin, Jean-Yves Potvin, and René Séguin. Neighborhood search heuristics for a dynamic vehicle dispatching problem with pick- ups and deliveries. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 14 (3):157–174, 2006. ISSN 0968090X. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2006.03.002.</li> <li>[2] Rinde R. S. van Lon and Tom Holvoet. Towards systematic evaluation of multi-agent systems in large scale and dynamic logistics. In Qingliang Chen, Paolo Torroni, Serena Villata, Jane Hsu, and Andrea Omicini, editors, PRIMA 2015: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems: 18th International Conference, Bertinoro, Italy, October 26-30, 2015, Proceedings, pages 248–264. Springer In- ternational Publishing, Cham, 2015. ISBN 978-3-319-25524-8. doi:10.1007/978- 3-319-25524-8 16.</li> </ul>
FIGURES 5–13 in Description of a new species of Anagyrus Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), a promising biological control agent of the invasive Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae)
FIGURES 5–13. Anagyrus amnestos sp. n.: 5. Female head, frontal view (slide preparation); 6. Male head, frontal view (slide preparation); 7. Antenna, female; 8. Antenna, male; 9. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view; 10. Fore wing, female; 11. Fore wing, male; 12. Female genitalia; 13. Male genitalia.
FIGURES 20–27 in Description of a new species of Anagyrus Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), a promising biological control agent of the invasive Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae)
FIGURES 20–27. Anagyrus kamali: 20. Female, dorsal view; 21. Female, lateral view; 22. Antenna, female; 23. Antenna, male; 24. Male, dorsal view; 25. Male, lateral view; 26. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view; 27. Fore wing, female.
FIGURES 1–4 in Description of a new species of Anagyrus Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), a promising biological control agent of the invasive Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae)
FIGURES 1–4. Anagyrus amnestos sp. n.: 1. Female, dorsal view; 2. Female, lateral view; 3. Male, dorsal view; 4. Female, dorsal view of head, and antenna.
FIGURES 14–19 in Description of a new species of Anagyrus Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), a promising biological control agent of the invasive Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae)
FIGURES 14–19. Anagyrus agraensis: 14. Female, dorsal view; 15. Female, lateral view; 16. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view; 17. Antenna, female; 18. Antenna, male; 19. Fore wing, female.
FIGURES 32–35 in Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)
FIGURES 32–35. Genitalia of F. melanoleuca. 32. Ventral view of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; 33. Dorsal view of male genitalia with aedeagus in situ; 34. Aedeagus; 35. Dorsal view of female genitalia.
FIGURES 9–13 in Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)
FIGURES 9–13. Larvae of F. melanoleuca. 9. Larva removed from the abdomen of P. perpusilla; 10. After removing waxy material from the body of the larva; 11. Proboscis for sucking fluids from the body of the host P. perpusilla; 12. Uniserial crochets on abdominal prolegs; 13. Uniserial crochets on anal prolegs.
FIGURES 1–8 in Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)
FIGURES 1–8. Life stages of F. melanoleuca. 1. Male and female emerged from pupae; 2.Eggs; 3. Larva parasitizing on nymph of Pyrilla perpusilla; 4. Larva parasitizing on adult's abdomen of P. perpusilla; 6. Pupa of F. melanoleuca; 7. F. melanoleuca adult male; 8. F. melanoleuca adult male.
FIGURES 14–21 in Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)
FIGURES 14–21. Pupae of F. melanoleuca. 14. Dorsal view of male pupa;15.Ventral view of male pupa; 16. Lateral view of male pupa; 17. Dorsal view of female pupa; 18. Ventral view of female pupa; 19. Lateral view of male pupa; 20. Male genital scar; 21. Female genital ostium scar.
FIGURES 22–31 in Taxonomy of Fulgoraecia melanoleuca (Fletcher, 1939), (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae) in India, a biological control agent of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker) (Hemiptera: Lophopidae)
FIGURES 22–31. Adult structures of F. melanoleuca. 22. Habitus of female; 23. Habitus of male; 24. Lateral view of head; 25.Male antenna; 26. Female antenna; 27. Foreleg; 28. Midleg; 29. Hindleg; 30. Forewing venation; 31. Hindwing venation.
Optimizing agents with genetic programming - An evaluation of hyper-heuristics in dynamic real-time logistics - datasets and results
<p>This directory contains the data and results that we used and obtained during the realization of the following paper:</p> <blockquote> <p>Optimizing agents with genetic programming - An evaluation of hyper-heuristics in dynamic real-time logistics. Rinde R.S. van Lon, Juergen Branke, and Tom Holvoet. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines (2017).</p> </blockquote> <p>The code that has been used can be found on GitHub (https://github.com/rinde/vanLon17-GPEM-code), an archive is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.260130.</p> <p>This repository contains the following files:</p> <ul> <li>evo.zip (expands to 21.2 GB) A zip file containing all results of the training experiment and tuning experiment.</li> <li>JAAMAS.zip (expands to 227.6 MB) A zip file containing the main results of the JAAMAS experiment, also available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.209760</li> <li>realtime.zip (expands to 913.5 MB) A zip file containing the main results</li> <li>dataset10k.zip (expands to 4.9 GB) Contains the scenarios used for the training and tuning experiments.</li> <li>overview.zip (expands to 42 MB) Contains the following files: <ul> <li>overview/experiment-overview.csv - table containing basic overview of the 40 main evolutionary runs that were performed for this paper.</li> <li>overview/heuristics/ - folder with a tree visualization for every evolved heuristic.</li> <li>overview/makefile - executes the analysis scripts that were used in the paper (requires the R programming language, https://www.r-project.org/). All tables and figures will be placed in results/generated/.</li> <li>readme.txt - this file.</li> <li>overview/results/ - contains the scripts</li> <li>overview/results/data/ - empty directory in which evo.zip, JAAMAS.zip, and realtime.zip have to be unpacked for the analysis scripts to work.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
FIGURES 3–8. Tamarixia schina, female. 3. Habitus. 4. Forewing. 5. Antenna. 6. Head, frontal view. 7 in Two new species of Ta m a r i x i a (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Chile and Australia, established as biological control agents of invasive psyllids (Hemiptera: Calophyidae, Triozidae) in California
FIGURES 3–8. Tamarixia schina, female. 3. Habitus. 4. Forewing. 5. Antenna. 6. Head, frontal view. 7. Mesosoma, lateral
FIGURES 1, 2. 1 in Two new species of Ta m a r i x i a (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Chile and Australia, established as biological control agents of invasive psyllids (Hemiptera: Calophyidae, Triozidae) in California
FIGURES 1, 2. 1. Damage caused by Calophya schini on Schinus molle. 2. Damage caused by Trioza eugeniae on Syzygium paniculatum. Photos by Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program. Copyrighted by the Regents of the University of California.
FIGURES 13–16. Tamarixia dahlsteni, female. 13. Head, frontal view. 14. Mesosoma, lateral view. 15. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 16 in Two new species of Ta m a r i x i a (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Chile and Australia, established as biological control agents of invasive psyllids (Hemiptera: Calophyidae, Triozidae) in California
FIGURES 13–16. Tamarixia dahlsteni, female. 13. Head, frontal view. 14. Mesosoma, lateral view. 15. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 16. Propodeum.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.