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Fig. 54 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 54. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), macroconchs. A, B. BHI 4948, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Ventral; B. left lateral. C, D. YPM 35598, YPM loc. C3347, Pierre Shale, Belle Fourche River, South Dakota. A spiral furrow extends from the point of exposure to the aperture on the right side of the shell (fig. 35B). C. Ventral; D. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.

Fig. 43 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 43. Spacing of ventrolateral tubercles on the adult shell of Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852). A. AMNH 9520/1, slender macroconch, possibly one of the original specimens collected by Meek and

Fig. 7 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 7. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), microconchs. A–D. USNM 12291 (5 Scaphites nodosus var. quadrangularis), illustrated in Whitfield (1880: pl. 13, figs. 10, 11), said to be from the Pierre Shale ''on the Cheyenne River, near Rapid and French Creeks, and also from beds which contain a mingling of the

Fig. 6. A–C in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 6. A–C. Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek, 1876), microconch, USNM 365 (5 Scaphites nodosus var. quadrangularis, paratype, cast), illustrated in Meek (1876: pl. 25, fig. 4), said to be from the Pierre Shale on the ''Yellowstone River, Montana, 150 miles above its mouth,'' and probably, more specifically, from the Cedar Creek Anticline, Dawson County, Montana. A. Right lateral; B. ventral; C. left lateral. D–G.

Fig. 5 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 5. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), macroconch, holotype, USNM 367, Pierre Shale, probably from the Sage Creek area, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.

Fig. 4 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 4. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), macroconch with part of the hook missing, holotype, UC 6381, Pierre Shale, probably from the Sage Creek area, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.

Fig. 3 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 3. Drainage map of southwest South Dakota showing the rivers and creeks mentioned in early accounts of western exploration of part of what was then known as the Nebraska Territory. The numbers 1 and 2 indicate Sage Creek and Bear Creek, respectively, two of the collecting localities of Meek and Hayden in 1853.

Fig. 2 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 2. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) ammonite biostratigraphy of the U.S. Western Interior showing the zones of Baculites compressus and B. cuneatus (Cobban et al., 2006). The absolute ages are derived from 40Ar/39Ar analyses of bentonites containing sanidines. In North America, the Campanian is divided into three parts. The Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary is currently placed in the middle of the B. eliasi Zone, based on recent work in Tercis, France, and the Vistula River Valley, Poland (Remin, 2009).

Fig. 1 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 1. Map of the upper Campanian Baculites compressus Zone showing the shoreline along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. The shoreline is dashed, for example, in eastern Wyoming, because of a lack of data. The dots indicate localities of B. compressus. Numbers refer to USGS Mesozoic localities, as listed below, except for locality 1 (Geological Survey of Canada). See appendix 1 for a description of localities. 1. GSC C-186877 (Jerzykiewicz, 1996); 2. D4129–32; 3. D4125–27; 4. D4120; 5. 7325, D2553, D3634; 6. 9866; 7. 23990; 8. 24178; 9. D3819, D3820; 10. D3827; 11. D6854; 12. 4710, 6037; 13. D3624; 14. D3083; 15. D490; 16. D4138; 17. D764; 18. D76; 19. D3595, D3599; 20. D4209; 21. 21577, D5659; 22. D782; 23. D780; 24. D2632, D2633; 25. D3575; 26. D3578; 27. 21224; 28. D3443; 29. 23057; 30. D1055; 31. D4994; 32. D1598, D2393; 33. D3074; 34. D1594, 23072; 35. D13708; 36. D2618; 37. D213; 38. D1661; 39. D1657; 40. D13791; 41. D4968; 42. D13507; 43. D13508; 44. D4965; 45. D4101; 46. D8782; 47. D5037; 48. D8378; 49. D9637, D9640; 50. D9677; 51. D5991; 52. D1351; 53. D8089; 54. D4497; 55. D8068; 56. D2723; 57. D2941; 58. D337; 59. D40; 60. D271, D280; 61. D8004; 62. D8874; 63. D1080; 64. D615; 65. D440.

Fig. 36 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 36. Percentage increase in lengths of the bones of the fore- and hindlimb of Borocyon niobrarensis and B. robustum relative to the holotype skeleton of Daphoenodon superbus (CM 1589). Bars indicate the mean and range where more than one individual was available.

Fig. 26 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 26. Restoration of the Borocyon robustum forefoot illustrating the interosseous muscle supporting each paraxonic metacarpal-phalangeal joint, the short middle phalanges, elongate unguals, and presumed dense fibrous metacarpal and digital pads.

Fig. 35 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 35. Relative proportions (in %) of lengths of paraxonic (A) metatarsal 3 to metacarpal 3 and (B) metatarsal 4 to metacarpal 4 for species of Borocyon and Daphoenodon superbus compared with living canids, felids, ursids, and hyaenids. Species farthest to the right show the greatest disproportion between lengths of metacarpals and metatarsals, and therefore a hindfoot longer than the forefoot. Numbers within black bars indicate sample size.

Fig. 32 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 32. Comparison of calcanea of Amphicyon galushai (A) and Borocyon robustum (B, male; C, female). Digitigrade calcanea of B. robustum are more slender and distally narrower than Amphicyon calcanea. Cuboids of A. galushai (D, F) and B. robustum (E, G), anterior and medial views: a, calcaneal articular surface; b, ectocuneiform and c, navicular facets.

Fig. 29 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 29. Muscle scar pattern (cross-hatched area) of the posterior tibial (TP) and long digital flexor (FDL) muscles on the posterior surface of the right tibia in B. robustum and B. niobrarensis relative to the scar patterns in large living Carnivora. a, Ursus americanus; b, Panthera tigris; c, Borocyon robustum; d, Borocyon niobrarensis; e, Acinonyx jubatus; f, Canis lupus.

Fig. 25 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 25. Comparison of the carpus (plantar view) of Borocyon robustum and those of Panthera leo, Canis lupus, and Ursus arctos. See text for discussion. Gray tone indicates extent of articular surfaces for scapholunar on magnum and unciform; in ursid and B. robustum the scapholunar moves largely unimpeded over these surfaces during intracarpal flexion but in lion and wolf there is a bony stop (3) between unciform and scapholunar that arrests this movement (this stop is even more developed in the cheetah). Abbreviations as in figure 24: vp, volar process.

Fig. 22 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 22. Elongate radii of Borocyon robustum and the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus compared to the short, robust radius of Amphicyon galushai. A slender, elongate radius with flattened blade-like shaft and transversely narrow proximal and distal ends characterizes both B. robustum and the cheetah. Left, Acinonyx; center, B. robustum; right, A. galushai.

Fig. 39 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 39. Mandibular force profiles of large living carnivorans and the amphicyonid Borocyon robustum

Fig. 19 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 19. Ratio (in %) of length of (A) radius/humerus and (B) tibia/femur for species of Borocyon relative to living canids, felids, and ursids and some additional amphicyonids. Species farthest to right show greatest elongation of the distal fore- or hindlimb segments. Numbers within or adjacent to black bars indicate sample size.

Fig. 18 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 18. Comparison of (A) m1 dimensions and (B) m1 length relative to m2 length for species of the daphoenine subgenera Borocyon and Daphoenodon from the early Miocene of North America.

Fig. 16 in Long-Legged Pursuit Carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) From The Early Miocene Of North America

Fig. 16. Upper dentition and palate of Daphoenodon superbus (A) and Borocyon neomexicanus (B). Although the teeth of B. neomexicanus are worn, both species show similar unreduced premolar form, reduction of M3, and shearing P4. The New Mexican beardog has developed the ''folded'' M2, a synapomorphy of Borocyon species, not yet evident in D. superbus.