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MMS 1 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM), Magnetic Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Slow Mode, 16 s Data
The MMS magnetic field power spectral density (BPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) in the SCM123 coordinate system (scm1 = - x sensor; scm2 = -z sensor; scm3 = -y sensor). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 88 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MMS 3 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM), Magnetic Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS magnetic field power spectral density (BPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) in the SCM123 coordinate system, see SCM data product guide for details, https://lasp.colorado.edu/mms/sdc/public/datasets/fields/. This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 88 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The DSP and SCM instrument papers can be found at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-014-0115-x and https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-014-0096-9, respectively. The DSP and SCM data product guides can be found at https://lasp.colorado.edu/mms/sdc/public/datasets/fields/.
MMS 1 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Slow Mode, 16 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MMS 3 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Slow Mode, 16 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MMS 4 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM), Magnetic Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS magnetic field power spectral density (BPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) in the SCM123 coordinate system, see SCM data product guide for details, https://lasp.colorado.edu/mms/sdc/public/datasets/fields/. This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 88 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The DSP and SCM instrument papers can be found at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-014-0115-x and https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-014-0096-9, respectively. The DSP and SCM data product guides can be found at https://lasp.colorado.edu/mms/sdc/public/datasets/fields/.
MMS 4 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MMS 2 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM), Magnetic Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS magnetic field power spectral density (BPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) in the SCM123 coordinate system, see SCM data product guide for details, https://lasp.colorado.edu/mms/sdc/public/datasets/fields/. This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 88 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The DSP and SCM instrument papers can be found at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-014-0115-x and https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-014-0096-9, respectively. The DSP and SCM data product guides can be found at https://lasp.colorado.edu/mms/sdc/public/datasets/fields/.
MMS 2 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
IHW COMET LSPN EDITED DIGITALIZED IMAGE DATA RECORD GZ V1.0
In preparation for the concerted international study of Comet Halley, the IHW conducted a trial run with observations of Comet Crommelin, largely during February and March of 1984.
MMS 2 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Slow Mode, 16 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MMS 3 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MMS 2 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM), Magnetic Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Slow Mode, 16 s Data
The MMS magnetic field power spectral density (BPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Search Coil Magnetometer (SCM) in the SCM123 coordinate system (scm1 = - x sensor; scm2 = -z sensor; scm3 = -y sensor). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 88 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
MGN V RDRS DERIVED DIGITAL IMAGE MAP DATA RECORD V1.0
This data set contains the Magellan the FMAP, a full-resolution (75 meters/pixel) global mosaic, produced by the U.S. Geological Survey from Magellan F-BIDR data. The complete dataset consists of 340 quadrangles in Sinusoidal equal-area projection. Quadrangles extend approximately 12 degrees in latitude, except for those between 84 and 90 degrees North and South. Quadrangles near the equator extend 12 degrees in longitude longitudinal extent is increased to maintain a roughly constant number of samples.
MMS 1 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Double Probe (ADP, SDP), Electric Field Power Spectral Density, Level 2 (L2), Fast Mode, 2 s Data
The MMS electric field power spectral density (EPSD) is computed onboard by the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The fast Fourier transform (FFT) calculation is performed on a digitized version of analog signals from the Axial Double Probe (ADP) and Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP). This data product is computed in space from individual components that are not synchronized to the 1 second pulse. Therefore, the timing between channels can be inaccurate by a fraction of a second. The samples times are interval start times taken from the x component. The spectra are calculated via a 1024-point FFT algorithm on piecewise continuous sets of waveform data. Nine signals can be processed simultaneously. Six of the twelve DC-coupled E, DC-coupled V, or SCM signals (16384 samples/s) are selected for spectral processing at 100% duty cycle. In addition, the three AC-coupled signals (262,144 kS/s) each can be processed at 6.25% duty cycle. Each of the nine signals has 16, 1024-point FFT operations every second; the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) performs 144 FFTs per second. The FFT is performed by an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which is controlled by a state machine. Both are hard-coded into the FPGA. The operation starts by applying a 1024-point Hanning window onto a waveform. Next, an FFT is implemented. The FFT is broken into a series of "butterfly" operations performed by the ALU. The result has real and imaginary data. Power spectra are calculated by taking the sum of squares of real and imaginary values (the ALU includes a multiplier), which produces a power spectrum with 512 frequency bins. The frequency bins are then combined to give pseudo-logarithmic frequency spacing (del f)/f. The spectra are reduced to 56 frequency bins with (del f)/f between 6% and 12% when possible. Narrow-band emissions can be fit to an accuracy of (del f)/f ~3%, allowing for an accurate determination of plasma density. The spectra can be averaged in time. The fastest reporting rate of any signal is 16 spectra per second. Reporting rates can be as slow a one spectra every 16 s (averaging 256 spectra). The averaging process has 48-bit accuracy to maximize the dynamic range. The amplitudes undergo a pseudo-logarithmic compression to an 8-bit number representing over 120 dB of dynamic range at ~5% precision.
Digital Accessibility of Life Science Data Portals and Journal Websites
<p>Enhancing the diversity and inclusion of the life sciences workforce has become an important problem as highlighted by many organizations in the US, including NIH, NHGRI, and NSF. People with visual impairments are one of the groups that face barriers to access to the biology workforce. To overcome this challenge, it is important to understand their current barriers in biological research and education. The most common assistive technology used by people with visual impairments is the screen reader (45.2%). However, multiple studies found that many websites largely fail to meet accessibility guidelines, making it challenging or even impossible for screen reader users to access existing resources. To help gain better insights into how well people with visual impairments can access existing biological resources, we evaluated the digital accessibility of two essential resources for data-driven studies—data portals and journal websites. Using an automated evaluation tool, we collected accessibility evaluation data for a large corpus of resources (<i>N</i>=3,943). In addition, we collected metadata of individual resources (e.g., geospatial, temporal, and impact score data) for a more insightful analysis. All datasets, as well as the entire source code, are available online on Zenodo and GitHub under a CC-BY and MIT license, respectively.</p>
An Exploratory Study on the Application of Digital Twins in the Indian Construction Industry - Survey Data
<p>The data collected from the industry experts for Digital Twin in Indian Construction Industry</p>
Supplementary Data to "Designing with Digital Waste in Mind: A Typological Analysis to support Sustainable Interaction Design of Digital Services"
<p>Supplementary Data to "Designing with Digital Waste in Mind: A Typological Analysis to support Sustainable Interaction Design of Digital Services"</p>
PSP FIELDS Digital Fields Board (DFB) AC-coupled Searchcoil Magnetometer, SCM, Bandpass filtered, Low Frequency, High Gain, u-component, Sensor coordinates, Level 2 (L2), 0.873813 s Data
PSP FIELDS Digital Fields Board, DFB, SCMulfhg data:The DFB is the low frequency, less than 75 kHz, component of the FIELDS experiment on the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft, see reference [1] below. For a full description of the FIELDS experiment, see reference [2]. For a description of the DFB, see reference [3].DFB AC bandpass data consist of peak and average values of the absolute value of bandpassed time series waveform data over a time interval equal to the reporting cadence. The AC bandpass data have the peak response frequency of each bin reported in the metadata. The frequency response curves for these bins are given in [3].The Level 2 data products contained in this data file have been calibrated for:* 1) The ~6.3 dB loss associated with forming the bandpass signal, see reference [3]* 2) DFB in-band gain* 3) The search coil preamplifier response, when applicableCalibrations for the DFB digital filter gains and analog filter gains have not been implemented as it was determined that these could not be applied accurately to single numerical values representing a broadband signal response and because all bins except the highest frequency bin have a flat gain response equal to one due to these filters. Calibrations for the FIELDS preamplifiers have not been implemented as the preamplifier response is flat and equal to one through the DFB frequency range. Corrections for plasma sheath impedance gain and antenna effective length have not been applied to voltage sensor signals. These corrections will be applied in the Level 3 DFB data products. Therefore, all voltage sensor quantities when present in these Level 2 data products are expressed by using units of Volts. Likewise, all magnetic field quantities when present in these Level 2 data products are expressed by using units of nanoTelsas.The Level 2 data products contained in this data file are expressed in sensor coordinates: e.g. dV12, dV34 for voltage measurements and [u,v,w] for the searchcoil magnetometer.The time resolution of the DFB AC bandpass filtered data can vary by multiples of 2^N. During encounter when PSP is within 0.25 AU of the Sun, the DFB AC bandpass filtered data cadence is typically 1/8 of a NYsecond [2]. Timestamps correspond to the center time of each window.References:* 1) Fox, N.J., Velli, M.C., Bale, S.D. et al., Space Sci Rev (2016) 204:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121401502116* 2) Bale, S.D., Goetz, K., Harvey, P.R. et al., Space Sci Rev (2016) 204:49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121401602445* 3) Malaspina, D.M., Ergun, R.E., Bolton, M. et al., JGR Space Physics (2016), 121, 5088-5096. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022344
PSP FIELDS Digital Fields Board (DFB) AC-coupled Differential Voltage, V3-V4 Antennae, Dipole Mode, Bandpass filtered, High Gain, Sensor coordinates, Level 2 (L2), 0.873813 s Data
PSP FIELDS Digital Fields Board, DFB, dV34 data:The DFB is the low frequency, less than 75 kHz, component of the FIELDS experiment on the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft, see reference [1] below. For a full description of the FIELDS experiment, see reference [2]. For a description of the DFB, see reference [3].DFB AC bandpass data consist of peak and average values of the absolute value of bandpassed time series waveform data over a time interval equal to the reporting cadence. The AC bandpass data have the peak response frequency of each bin reported in the metadata. The frequency response curves for these bins are given in [3].The Level 2 data products contained in this data file have been calibrated for:* 1) The ~6.3 dB loss associated with forming the bandpass signal, see reference [3]* 2) DFB in-band gain* 3) The search coil preamplifier response, when applicableCalibrations for the DFB digital filter gains and analog filter gains have not been implemented as it was determined that these could not be applied accurately to single numerical values representing a broadband signal response and because all bins except the highest frequency bin have a flat gain response equal to one due to these filters. Calibrations for the FIELDS preamplifiers have not been implemented as the preamplifier response is flat and equal to one through the DFB frequency range. Corrections for plasma sheath impedance gain and antenna effective length have not been applied to voltage sensor signals. These corrections will be applied in the Level 3 DFB data products. Therefore, all voltage sensor quantities when present in these Level 2 data products are expressed by using units of Volts. Likewise, all magnetic field quantities when present in these Level 2 data products are expressed by using units of nanoTelsas.The Level 2 data products contained in this data file are expressed in sensor coordinates: e.g. dV12, dV34 for voltage measurements and [u,v,w] for the searchcoil magnetometer.The time resolution of the DFB AC bandpass filtered data can vary by multiples of 2^N. During encounter when PSP is within 0.25 AU of the Sun, the DFB AC bandpass filtered data cadence is typically 1/8 of a NYsecond [2]. Timestamps correspond to the center time of each window.References:* 1) Fox, N.J., Velli, M.C., Bale, S.D. et al., Space Sci Rev (2016) 204:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121401502116* 2) Bale, S.D., Goetz, K., Harvey, P.R. et al., Space Sci Rev (2016) 204:49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121401602445* 3) Malaspina, D.M., Ergun, R.E., Bolton, M. et al., JGR Space Physics (2016), 121, 5088-5096. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022344
PSP FIELDS Digital Fields Board (DFB) DC-coupled Searchcoil Magnetometer, SCM, Spectra, Low Frequency, High Gain, u-component, Sensor coordinates, Level 2 (L2), 6.99054 s Data
PSP FIELDS Digital Fields Board, DFB, SCMulfhg data:The DFB is the low frequency, less than 75 kHz, component of the FIELDS experiment on the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft, see reference [1] below. For a full description of the FIELDS experiment, see reference [2]. For a description of the DFB, see reference [3].DFB DC spectra data consist of power spectral densities as a function of frequency and time. These spectra are averaged over both frequency and time as described in [3]. The spectra have pseudo-logarithmically spaced frequency bins with the bin central frequencies reported in the metadata.The Level 2 data products contained in this data file have been calibrated for:* 1) The Hanning window used in the spectral calculation* 2) DFB in-band gain* 3) DFB analog filter gain response* 4) DFB digital filter gain response* 5) The search coil preamplifier response, when applicable* 6) The bandwidth of each spectral binNote that compensation for the DFB digital filters will introduce a non-physical positively sloped power trend at high frequencies when the non-corrected signal is dominated by noise. This effect should be examined carefully when determining spectral slopes and features at the highest frequencies. Calibrations for the FIELDS preamplifiers have not been implemented as the preamplifier response is flat and equal to one through the DFB frequency range. Corrections for plasma sheath impedance gain and antenna effective length have not been applied to voltage sensor signals. These corrections will be applied in the Level 3 DFB data products. Therefore, all voltage sensor quantities when present in these Level 2 data products are expressed by using units of Volts squared per Hertz. Likewise, all magnetic field quantities when present in these Level 2 data product are expressed by using units of nanoTesla squared per Hertz.The Level 2 data products contained in this data file are expressed in sensor coordinates: e.g. dV12, dV34 for voltage measurements. For solar orbits 1 and 2, the search coil magnetometer spectral data are rotated into a non-intuitive coordinate system with components [d,e,f]. For solar orbits 3 and beyond, the magnetic field spectral data are in expressed in search coil magnetometer sensor coordinates with components [u,v,w].To rotate from [d,e,f] coordinates into [u,v,w] search coil sensor coordinates, use the following matrix, written in IDL notation, and the following equation: spectra_uvw_vector = R ## spectra_def_vector.R = [[ 0.46834856, -0.81336422 , 0.34509170] [ -0.66921924, -0.071546954, 0.73961249] [ -0.57688408, -0.57733845 , -0.57782790]]The time resolution of the DFB DC spectral data can vary by multiples of 2^N. During encounter when PSP is within 0.25 AU of the Sun, the DFB DC spectra data cadence is typically 30 NYseconds NYsecond [2]. Timestamps correspond to the center time of each window.References:* 1) Fox, N.J., Velli, M.C., Bale, S.D. et al., Space Sci Rev (2016) 204:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121401502116* 2) Bale, S.D., Goetz, K., Harvey, P.R. et al., Space Sci Rev (2016) 204:49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1121401602445* 3) Malaspina, D.M., Ergun, R.E., Bolton, M. et al., JGR Space Physics (2016), 121, 5088-5096. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022344
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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