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854 results for “Disparity”
Data from: A disparity between locomotor economy and territory holding ability in male house mice
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Data from: Extant-only comparative methods fail to recover the disparity preserved in the bird fossil record
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Data from: Body shape diversity in Triassic‒Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes: sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety
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Data from: Host specialisation and disparate evolution of Pyrenophora teres f. teres on barley and barley grass
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Data from: Parental genetic effects in a cavefish adaptive behavior explain disparity between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
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Evolution, diversity, and disparity of the tiger shark lineage Galeocerdo in deep time
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A spatially explicit model to simulate the population dynamics of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)
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Data from: Gender disparity in physician authorship among commentary articles in high impact medical journals
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Data from: Contrasting patterns of disparity suggest differing constraints on the evolution of trilobite cephalic structures during the Cambrian ‘explosion’
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Phylogenomics of monitor lizards and the role of competition in dictating body size disparity
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Data from: Genetic structure, admixture, and invasion success in a Holarctic defoliator, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
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Phylogeny and disparate selection signatures suggest two genetically independent domestication events of pea (Pisum L.)
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Disparities of HIV risk and PrEP use among transgender women of color in South Florida.
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Supporting Data 1 for Potential drivers of disparity in early Middle Pleistocene interglacial climate response over Eurasia
<p>This document contains Supporting Data for the manuscript "Potential drivers of disparity in early Middle Pleistocene interglacial climate response over Eurasia" by B. Bradák, G. Újvári, T. Stevens, M.F. Bógalo, M. I. González, and M. Hyodo, submitted to Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. </p> <p>Content description:</p> <ul> <li>AMS_raw [Sheet 1]: the sheet contains the raw AMS (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) data which was used during the determination of paleowind directions.</li> <li>AMS_stereoplots [Sheet 2]: the sheet contains the reconstructed paleowind direction is based on the stereoplot analysis and the alignment of the kmax axis.</li> <li>IRM_unmix_GAPplots [Sheet 3]: the sheet contains the so called gradient acquisition plots, used during the decomposition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) curves and indicating the separated populations of magnetic components.</li> <li>IRM_unmix_raw [Sheet 4]: the sheet contains the characteristics of the magnetic components, identified during the decomposition of IRM curves.</li> <li>Xlf_fd_raw [Sheet 5]: the sheet contains all of the measured magnetic susceptibility frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility data from the profile and its average unit by unit.</li> <li>Xbckg [Sheet 6]: the sheet contains the Xlf vs. Xfd plot which is essential to the determination of background susceptibility (Xbckg) and the paleoprecipitation data.</li> <li>Data (Fig.2) [Sheet 7]: the complex dataset contains essential information about the units of the profile and about the proxy data, which were used during the analysis and appears at Fig. 2. As an additional information it contains step by step information about the calculation of paleoprecipitation values and about the calculation of IRM proxies.</li> <li>Age-depth model (Fig. 3) [Sheet 8]: the sheet contains data and additional information about the age model, used in the study and appears at Fig. 3.</li> <li>Pleist wind in Eurasia (Fig. 4) [Sheet 9]: the sheet summerizes basic information about the profiles which was used during the determination of the influence of various climate centres and characteristic wind directions.</li> <li>Data (Discussion) [Sheet 10]: The sheet summarises the information about the paleoenvironment reconstructed between MIS19 and MIS11 at Paks succession. </li> </ul>
Data from: Comparable disparity in the appendicular skeleton across the fish-tetrapod transition, and the morphological gap between fish and tetrapod postcrania
Appendicular skeletal traits are used to quantify changes in morphological disparity and morphospace occupation across the fish–tetrapod transition and to explore the informativeness of different data partitions in phylogeny reconstruction. Anterior appendicular data yield trees that differ little from those built from the full character set, whilst posterior appendicular data result in considerable loss of phylogenetic resolution and tree branch rearrangements. Overall, there is a significant incongruence in the signals associated with pectoral and pelvic data. The appendicular skeletons of fish and tetrapods attain similar levels of morphological disparity (at least when data are rarefied at the maximum sample size for fish in our study) and occupy similarly sized regions of morphospace. However, fish appear more dispersed in morphospace than tetrapods do. All taxa show a heterogeneous distribution in morphospace, and there is a clear separation between fish and tetrapods despite the presence of several evolutionarily intermediate taxa.
Data from: Does exceptional preservation distort our view of disparity in the fossil record?
How much of evolutionary history is lost because of the unevenness of the fossil record? Lagerstätten, sites of exceptional fossil preservation, provide remarkable, yet distorting insights into past life. When examining macroevolutionary trends in the fossil record, they can generate an uneven sampling signal for taxonomic diversity; by comparison, their effect on morphological variety (disparity) is poorly understood. We show here that lagerstätten impact the disparity of ichthyosaurs, Mesozoic marine reptiles, by preserving higher diversity and more complete specimens. Elsewhere in the fossil record, undersampled diversity and more fragmentary specimens produce spurious results. We identify a novel effect, that a taxon moves towards the centroid of a Generalised Euclidean dataset as its proportion of missing data increases. We term this effect 'centroid slippage', as a disparity-based analogue of phylogenetic stemward slippage. Our results suggest that uneven sampling presents profound issues for our view of disparity in the fossil record, but that this is also dependent on the methodology used, especially true with widely used Generalised Euclidean distances. Mitigation of missing cladistic data is possible by phylogenetic gap filling, and heterogeneous effects of lagerstätten on disparity may be accounted for by understanding the factors affecting their spatiotemporal distribution.
Data from: Diversity, disparity, and evolutionary rate estimation for unresolved Yule trees
The branching structure of biological evolution confers statistical dependencies on phenotypic trait values in related organisms. For this reason, comparative macroevolutionary studies usually begin with an inferred phylogeny that describes the evolutionary relationships of the organisms of interest. The probability of the observed trait data can be computed by assuming a model for trait evolution, such as Brownian motion, over the branches of this fixed tree. However, the phylogenetic tree itself contributes statistical uncertainty to estimates of other evolutionary quantities, and many comparative evolutionary biologists regard the tree as a nuisance parameter. In this paper, we present a framework for analytically integrating over unknown phylogenetic trees in comparative evolutionary studies by assuming that the tree arises from a continuous-time Markov branching model called the Yule process. To do this, we derive a closed-form expression for the distribution of phylogenetic diversity, which is the sum of branch lengths connecting a set of taxa. We then present a generalization of phylogenetic diversity which is equivalent to the expected trait disparity in a set of taxa whose evolutionary relationships are generated by a Yule process and whose traits evolve by Brownian motion. We derive expressions for the distribution of expected trait disparity under a Yule tree. Given one or more observations of trait disparity in a clade, we perform fast likelihood-based estimation of the Brownian variance for unresolved clades. Our method does not require simulation or a fixed phylogenetic tree. We conclude with a brief example illustrating Brownian rate estimation for thirteen taxonomic families in order Carnivora, in which the phylogenetic tree for each family is unresolved.
Data from: Diversity and its decomposition into variety, balance and disparity
Diversity is a central concept in many fields. Despite its importance, there is no unified methodological framework to measure diversity and its three components of variety, balance and disparity. Current approaches take into account disparity of the types by considering their pairwise similarities. Pairwise similarities between types may not adequately capture total disparity, since they do not take into account in which way pairs are similar. Hence, pairwise similarities do not discriminate between similarities of types in terms of the same feature and similarities in which all pairs share different features. This paper presents an alternative approach which is based on the overlap of features over the whole set of types. This results in a measure of diversity takes into account the aspects of variety, balance and disparity. Based on this measure, the 'ABC decomposition' is introduced, which provides separate measures for the variety, balance and disparity, allowing them to enter analysis separately. The method is illustrated by analyzing the industrial diversity from 1850 to present while taking into account the overlap in occupations they employ. Finally, the framework is extended to take into account disparity considering multiple features, providing a helpful tool in analysis of high-dimensional data.
Data from: Constraints on mammalian forelimb development: insights from developmental disparity
Tetrapod limb development has been studied extensively for decades, yet the strength and role of developmental constraints in this process remains unresolved. Mammals exhibit a particularly wide array of limb morphologies associated with various locomotion modes and behaviors, providing a useful system for identifying periods of developmental constraint and conserved developmental mechanisms or morphologies. In this study, landmark-based geometric morphometrics are used to investigate levels and patterns of morphological diversity (disparity) among the developing forelimbs of four mammals with diverse limb morphologies: mice, opossums, horses, and pigs. Results indicate that disparity among the forelimbs of these species slightly decreases or stays the same from the appearance of the limb ridge to the bud stage, and increases dramatically from the paddle through tissue regression stages. Heterochrony exhibited by the precocial opossum limb was not found to drive these patterns of morphological disparity, suggesting that the low disparity of the middle stages of limb development (e.g., paddle stage) is driven by processes operating within the limb and is likely not a result of embryo-wide constraint.
Data from: Joined at the hip: linked characters and the problem of missing data in studies of disparity
Paleontological investigations into morphological diversity, or disparity, are often confronted with large amounts of missing data. We illustrate how missing discrete data effects disparity using a novel simulation for removing data based on parameters from published datasets that contain both extinct and extant taxa. We develop an algorithm that assesses the distribution of missing characters in extinct taxa, and simulates data loss by applying that distribution to extant taxa. We term this technique 'linkage'. We compare differences in disparity metrics and ordination spaces produced by linkage and random character removal. When we incorporated linkage among characters, disparity metrics declined and ordination spaces shrank at a slower rate with increasing missing data, indicating that correlations among characters govern the sensitivity of disparity analysis. We also present and test a new disparity method that uses the linkage algorithm to correct for the bias caused by missing data. We equalized proportions of missing data among time bins before calculating disparity, and found that estimates of disparity changed when missing data were taken into account. By removing the bias of missing data, we can gain new insights into the morphological evolution of organisms and highlight the detrimental effects of missing data on disparity analysis.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.