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Figure 5 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 5. Reconstruction of the internal cancellous cavities of the 'Sinemurian snout' (NHMUK PV R 36710). A* dorsal view; B* right lateral view; C* ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm. Abbreviations: COS* cancellous osseous structures.

Figure 4 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 4. Reconstruction of the neurovasculature and alveoli of the 'Sinemurian snout' (NHMUK PV R 36710). A* dorsal view; B* right lateral view; C* ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm. Abbreviations: Alv* alveolus; DAC* dorsal alveolar canal; Trig* trigeminal canal.

Figure 13 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 13. Coronal and transverse views of the geosaurine metriorhynchid Torooneustes coryphaeus (MJML K1863) showing the snout internal anatomy. The coloured lines on the skull 3D reconstruction (C) corresponds to the coloured panels* in coronal (A) and transverse (B) views. COS = cancellous osseous structure* DAC = dorsal alveolar canal. Scale bars equal 20 mm.

Figure 24 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 24. Coronal and transverse views of the extant crocodylid Osteolaemus tetraspis (FMNH 98396* subadult individual) showing the snout internal anatomy. The coloured lines on the skull 3D reconstruction (D) corresponds to the coloured panels* in coronal (A and B) and transverse (C) views. DAC = dorsal alveolar canal* PS = paranasal sinus. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

Figure 10 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 10. The strict consensus topology of the equal weights' analysis. Length = 4166* CI = 0.302* RI = 0.831* RC = 0.251* HI = 0.698* number of most parsimonious cladograms hit the hold limit. Phylogeny pruned to highlight Thalattosuchia (see Supporting Information* Appendix S2: Fig. S3 for the entire topology). A* Thalattosuchia; B* Neothalattosuchia; C* Teleosauridae; D* Machimosauridae; E* Metriorhynchidae. Green shaded area highlights non-neothalattosuchian thalattosuchians* orange shaded area highlights teleosauroid thalattosuchians* and blue shaded area highlights metriorhynchoid thalattosuchians. Images from PhyloPics.org* with the teleosauroid by Scott Hartman* and the metriorhynchid by Dmitry Bogdanov (vectorized by T. Michael Keesey)* no changes were made* and their license is: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.

Figure 3 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 3. Reconstruction of the internal anatomy of the 'Sinemurian snout' (NHMUK PV R 36710). A* dorsal view; B* right lateral view; C* ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm. Abbreviations: Alv* alveolus; COS* cancellous osseous structure; DAC* dorsal alveolar canal; NC* nasal cavity; Trig* trigeminal canal.

Figure 1 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 1. Photographs of the 'Sinemurian snout' (NHMUK PV R 36710). A* dorsal view; B* ventral view; C* right lateral view; D* left lateral view; E* caudal view; F* rostral view. Scale bar equals 10 mm. Abbreviations: Alv* alveolus; Max* maxilla; Nas* nasal; NC* nasal cavity; vom* vomer.

Figure 2 in Thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs from the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of the UK

Figure 2. CT reconstruction of the 'Sinemurian snout' (NHMUK PV R 36710). A* dorsal view; B* right lateral view; C* ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm. Abbreviations: Alv* alveolus; Max* maxilla; Nas* nasal; NC* nasal cavity; vom* vomer.

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Data from: A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early–Middle Jurassic pliosaurids

A partial skeleton from the Sigiloceras enodatum ammonite Subzone (early Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the Oxford Clay Formation of Quest Pit, near Stewartby, Bedfordshire, UK respresents one of the basalmost Middle Jurassic pliosaurids. Marmornectes candrewi gen. et sp. nov. possesses seven autapomorphies and a longirostrine snout. Reassessment of pliosauroid relationships demonstrates that Thalassiodracon hawkinsii, Hauffiosaurus spp. and Attenborosaurus conybeari are successively more derived basal representatives of Pliosauridae. This indicates that a longirostrine snout was acquired among Early Jurassic pliosaurids (such as Hauffiosaurus), but that these early taxa had a small body size, long neck, and gracile skull and limb bones relative to the contemporaneous rhomaleosaurids, which were robust, large-bodied macropredators. The pliosaurid lineage only acquired its 'characteristic' large size, robust skull and short neck in the late Middle Jurassic after the extinction of Rhomaleosauridae.

Figure 28 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 28. Simplified theropod phylogeny. All tetanuran theropods have gastralia; these are only lost in true birds (n.gast). The orientation of the pubis varies across these clades and is dependent upon multiple factors: dietary preference (herbivory, omnivory, carnivory); body proportions (notably the reduction in length and mass of the tail); and more specific locomotor adaptations and habits of individual theropods within each subclade. There is no simple and unambiguous correspondence between pelvic structure and posture, habit, locomotor style or putative diet and respiratory mechanics. Dinosaur images kindly provided by Scott Hartman, who retains the copyright of each. As illustrated here these animals are not strictly to the same scale. The raptor silhouette was made available through the following website: http://clipart-library.com/bird-silhouette.html

Figure 13 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 13. Partially transparent neurocranium to show the approximate structure of the brain, the principal cranial nerves and blood vessels. Abbreviations: c.art, carotid artery; Cbl, cerebellum; Ce, cerebral lobes; cn. (Roman), cranial nerve; jug.v, jugular vein; med, medulla (brain stem); p, pituitary body. Dotted outline – approximate profile of the endocranial cavity.

Figure 15. Scelidosaurus. The principal jaw adductor muscles identified. A, dorsal muscle origin map. B–D in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 15. Scelidosaurus. The principal jaw adductor muscles identified. A, dorsal muscle origin map. B–D, muscle reconstructions. Abbreviations: AN.OR, m. anguli oris; bod, bodenaponeurosis; MAMEM, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; MAMEP, profundus; MAMES, superficialis; MAMP, posterior; MLPt, levator pterygoideus; MPST, pseudotemporalis; MPT, pterygoideus.

Figure 14 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 14. Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792). Mapping the areas of origin and insertion of the principal jaw closing muscles in a living sauropsid. A, lateral. B, oblique dorsolateral. C. lower jaw in oblique dorsolateral aspect (redrawn from Holliday, 2009: fig. 1). Abbreviations: MAMEM, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; MAMEP, profundus; MAMES, superficialis; MAMP, posterior; MLPt, levator pterygoideus; MPPt, protractor pterygoideus; MPST, pseudotemporalis; MPT, pterygoideus.

Figure 12 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 12. Scelidosaurus. Diagrammatic lateral view of the neurocranium, showing the identifiable cranial nerve foramina and fossae. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital; bot, basioccipital tuberosity; bpt, basipterygoid process; Bs, basisphenoid; cart, cartilage; cn.(Roman), cranial nerves; fo, fenestra ovalis; fr, fenestra rotunda; Ls, laterosphenoid; Op, opisthotic; Os, orbitosphenoid; P, parietal; Pro, proötic; Ps, parasphenoid (cultriform process); vag-jug, foramen occupied by cranial nerves (vagus) and venous blood vessels (jugular vein); vcd, fissure for passage of the vena capitis dorsalis; vid, vidian (= carotid artery) canal.

Figure 11. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 11. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. The lectotype (NHMUK R1111). What remains of the formerly fully articulated skull: the skull roof, neurocranium, part of the right suspensorium and cheek, as preserved (sketched in 2018). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital condyle; bot, basioccipital tuberosity; bpt, basipterygoid process (right); J, jugal; La, lacrimal; Ls, laterosphenoid (left); Mx, maxilla (right); N, nasal bones; pap, paroccipital process (left); Q, quadrate (right).

Figure 7. Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 7. Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758. A, lateral view of cranial osteology showing the horn core. B, the horn core with its keratinous horn superimposed, showing the lack of correspondence in shape between the horn core and its overlying keratinous casque (horn). Norman, pers. colln (Rough Fell sheep, Sedbergh, Cumbria). Abbreviations: hc, horn core; kh, keratinous horn. Scale bar indicated.

Figure 10 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 10. Scelidosaurus. Diagrammatic longitudinal section through the skull showing an attempted reconstruction of the nasal passage. The latter is shown floored anteriorly by a connective tissue sheet that forms a soft secondary palate that spans the gap between opposing maxillae and was probably attached sagittally to the ventral margin of the vomers. The epivomers are interpreted as sheet-like ossifications that form within the connective tissue that roofs the nasal passage; these bones are sutured to the dorsal edges of the vomers (Norman, 2020a). Abbreviations: Epi, epivomers; Mx, maxilla; np, nasal passage; ol.b, olfactory bulb; Pt, pterygoid; sp, soft palate. Arrows indicate air flow. Dark tone – bones in section. Pale tone approximate shape of the nasal passage.

Figure 1 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 1. Charmouth is a coastal village located about one kilometre due east of Lyme Regis. The Spittles-Black Ven is an eroding cliff from which the remains of Scelidosaurus have been recovered since the late 1850s. Fresh slips and cliff falls continue to expose the remains of individual bones or in some cases articulated skeletons belonging to this dinosaur.

Figure 4. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 4. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. Cranial anatomy reconstructed in: A, lateral; B, dorsal views (modified from Norman, 2020a: figs 8, 9).

Figure 8. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. The lectotype NHMUK R1111. A, jugal showing sclerotic plate. B in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 8. Scelidosaurus harrisonii Owen, 1861. The lectotype NHMUK R1111. A, jugal showing sclerotic plate. B, stapes. Abbreviations: do, dermal ossification; ec.s, ectopterygoid suture; est, surface for the extrastapes; ftp, footplate; ls, lacrimal suture; pal.s, palatine suture; Po, postorbital; Qj, quadratojugal; sc.os, sclerotic ossicle. Scale bar indicated.