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Fig. 11 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 11. Ophioderma bichi sp. nov., non-type specimen (USNM E23396, DD = 28.1 mm), SEM images of the ossicles. A. Radial shield, external face. B. Radial shield, internal face. C. Dental plate. D. Adradial genital plate, abradial face. E. Adradial genital plate, adradial face. F. Oral plate, abradial face. G. Oral plate, adradial face. Black arrows point to oral papillae sockets, white arrows point to granule sockets. H. Arm vertebra, proximal face. I. Arm vertebra, distal face. J. Ventral arm plate, external face. K. Ventral arm plate, internal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. N. Lateral arm plate, lateral face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; SA = spine articulation; Sp = spur; vent = ventral.
Fig. 7. Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 7. Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov., holotype (MCZ IZ OPH-114, DD = 35.7 mm). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc (inset: section between the arm and the distal genital slit). C. Closeup of a jaw. D. Proximalmost dorsal arm. Arrowheads indicate the extra plates on the arm base. E. Median dorsal arm. F. Distalmost dorsal arm. G. Proximalmost ventral arm. H. Median ventral arm. I. Distalmost ventral arm. J. Lateral arm plates and arm spines. K. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: 2° AdShSp = secondary adoral shield spine; AdShSp = adoral shield spine; IPa = infradental papilla; LOPas = lateral oral papillae; LyOs = Lyman's ossicle; RS = radial shield; TPa = tooth papilla; vT = ventralmost tooth.
Fig. 8 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 8. Ophioderma aija sp. nov., holotype (ICML-UNAM 18466, DD = 26.7 mm). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc (inset: section between the arm and the distal genital slit). C. Close-up of a jaw. D. Proximalmost dorsal arm. E. Median dorsal arm. F. Distalmost dorsal arm. G. Proximalmost ventral arm. H. Median ventral arm. I. Distalmost ventral arm. J. Lateral arm plates and arm spines. K. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: 2° AdShSp = secondary adoral shield spine; AdShSp = adoral shield spine; IPa = infradental papilla; LOPas = lateral oral papillae; LyOs = Lyman's ossicle; OPRSp = oral plate ridge spine; RS = radial shield; TPa = tooth papilla; vT = ventralmost tooth.
Fig. 9 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 9. Ophioderma aija sp. nov., non-type specimen (ICML-UNAM 18457, DD = 26.2 mm), SEM images of the ossicles. A. Radial shield, external face. The arrowhead indicates the naked section observed in the intact animal. B. Radial shield, internal face. C. Dental plate. D. Adradial genital plate, abradial face. E. Adradial genital plate, adradial face. F. Oral plate, abradial face. G. Oral plate, adradial face. Black arrows point to oral papillae sockets, white arrows point to granule sockets. H. Arm vertebra, proximal face. I. Arm vertebra, distal face. J. Ventral arm plate, external face. K. Ventral arm plate, internal face. L. Lateral arm plate, external face. M. Lateral arm plate, internal face. N. Lateral arm plate, lateral face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; SA = spine articulation; Sp = spur; vent = ventral.
Fig. 6. Comparison between Ophioderma sodipallaresi Caso, 1986 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 6. Comparison between Ophioderma sodipallaresi Caso, 1986 (= Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860)), holotype from Mexico (ICML-UNAM 3.24.3, DD = 20.9 mm) (left), and Ophioderma teres, non-type material from Panama (USNM E23215, DD = 19.3 mm) (right). A–B. Dorsal disc. C–D. Jaws. E–F. Section between the arm and the distal genital slit. G, I. Dorsal arm (proximalmost). H, J. Dorsal arm (median).
Fig. 3 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 3. Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860), neotype (MCZ IZ OPH-113, DD = 26.5 mm). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc (inset: section between the arm and the distal genital slit). C. Close-up of a jaw. D. Proximalmost dorsal arm. Arrowheads indicate the extra plates on the arm base. E. Median dorsal arm. F. Distalmost dorsal arm. G. Proximalmost ventral arm. H. Median ventral arm. I. Distalmost ventral arm. J. Lateral arm plates and arm spines. K. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: 2° AdShSp = secondary adoral shield spine; AdShSp = adoral shield spine; IPa = infradental papilla; LOPas = lateral oral papillae; LyOs = Lyman's ossicle; OPRSp = oral plate ridge spine; TPa = tooth papilla; vT = ventralmost tooth.
Fig. 5 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 5. Distribution of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860), Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov., Ophioderma aija sp. nov., and Ophioderma bichi sp. nov. in the eastern Pacific. A. Gulf of California. B. Revillagigedo Islands. C. Mexican Tropical Pacific. D. Central America and Colombia. E. Galapagos Islands.
Fig. 4 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 4. Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860), non-type specimen (USNM E23201, DD = 26.9 mm), SEM images of the ossicles. A. Radial shield, external face. B. Radial shield, internal face. C. Dental plate. D. Adradial genital plate, adradial face. E. Oral plate, abradial face. F. Oral plate, adradial face. G. Arm vertebra, proximal face. H. Arm vertebra, distal face. I. Ventral arm plate, external face. J. Ventral arm plate, internal face. K. Lateral arm plate, external face. L. Lateral arm plate, internal face. M. Lateral arm plate, lateral face. Abbreviations: dist = distal; dors = dorsal; prox = proximal; SA = spine articulation; Sp = spur; vent = ventral.
Fig. 2 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 2. Bayesian inference (BI) tree of 16S sequences. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probability/ bootstrap values obtained with BI and maximum likelihood, respectively. Sequences obtained in this study are indicated in bold (see Supp. file 5).
Fig. 10 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 10. Ophioderma bichi sp. nov., holotype (USNM E23455, DD = 33.2 mm). A. Dorsal disc (inset: extra plates on the disc). B. Ventral disc (inset: section between the arm and the distal genital slit). C. Close-up of a jaw. D. Proximalmost dorsal arm. E. Median dorsal arm. F. Distalmost dorsal arm. G. Proximalmost ventral arm. H. Median ventral arm. I. Distalmost ventral arm. J. Lateral arm plates and arm spines. K. Dorsal view. Abbreviations: 2° AdShSp = secondary adoral shield spine; AdShSp = adoral shield spine; IPa = infradental papilla; LOPas = lateral oral papillae; LyOs = Lyman's ossicle; TPa = tooth papilla; vT = ventralmost tooth.
Fig. 1 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 1. Bayesian inference (BI) tree of COI sequences. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probability/bootstrap values obtained with BI and maximum likelihood (ML), respectively. A dash (–) indicates the branches not recovered in the ML analysis. Sequences obtained in this study are indicated in bold (see Supp. file 5).
Fig. 12 in Delimitation of Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) and Ophioderma unicolor H.L. Clark, 1940 stat. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), including the description of two new species
Fig. 12. Photographs of the species in situ. A. Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) (Bajo Rojo, Costa Rica) (photograph: Steven Lara-Angulo). B. Ophioderma aija sp. nov. (Estacahuite, Mexico) (photograph: Francisco Benítez-Villalobos). C. Ophioderma bichi sp. nov. (Puerto Peñasco, Mexico) (photograph: Paloma Valdivia).
Fig. 20 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 20. Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) ossicles (specimen USNM 1682794-Ta213, 155 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (fragment) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Thin C-shaped rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods bifurcated from the cloaca. F. Large tables with a circular spire well developed in the anterior cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Rods in cross shape, simple rods, and C-shaped rods in the intestine. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 22 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm.
Fig. 18 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero.
Fig. 23 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 13 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 13. Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) ossicles (neotype USNM E16150, 105 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, modified maculatus tables, regular Isostichopus tables, perforated plates, and large, curved rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, ½ of the round plate) from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Spinous irregular plate-like branched rods in the cloaca. F. Bifurcated spinous rod in the respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from the intestine. H. Simple rods from the gonads. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 12. A in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 12. A. Neotype of Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) from English Bay, Ascension Island (USNM E16150, 105 mm long, contracted). B. Neoparatype of I. maculatus maculatus from Southwest Bay, Ascension Island (USNM E16151, 125 mm). C–D. Neoparatype ossicles showing tables from dorsal papillae (C) and dorsal body wall (D). E. Holotype of Stichopus assimilis Bell, 1882 (ZOO 1873.7.29.1). F–G. Ossicles of S. assimilis holotype from dorsal papillae (F) and dorsal body wall (G). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A–B, E = 20 mm; C–D, F–G = 100 µm.
Fig. 17 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B'. Specimens with "Uniform" pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B'). D–L, N–R. Specimens with "Dark and White" pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A'. Specimens with "Light and sharp dark" pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A'), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C'. Specimens with "Light and blurry dark" pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C'). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A', C' by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B' by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Fig. 9 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524.
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