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DL-FRONT MERRA-2 vectorized weather fronts over North America, 1980-2018 (netCDF format)
<p>DL-FRONT is a Deep Learning Neural Network (DLNN) that was trained to detect weather fronts using spatial grids of near-surface atmospheric variables. The dataset is composed of <a href="http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs/">netCDF-4</a> files. Each file contains one year of hourly geospatial data grids describing the locations of four types of weather fronts—cold front, warm front, stationary front, and occluded front, over the time span 1980-2018.</p> <p>This dataset is the product of processing data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) <a href="https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/">Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2</a> (MERRA-2). DL-FRONT processed MERRA-2 hourly data grids of instantaneous measures of air pressure reduced to mean sea level, air temperature at 2 meters, specific humidity at 2 meters, and wind velocity at 10 meters over the time span 1980 - 2018 to produce this dataset. The original MERRA-2 data were resampled at 1 degree resolution over the spatial range 31W - 171W x 10N - 77N using bicubic interpolation.</p> <p>At each hourly time step the network produced a set of spatial grids with the same resolution and spatial range as the input, one for each of the five categories mentioned above. Each cell in a spatial grid for a given category records the network-assigned probability (from 0.0 to 1.0) that the cell is in a weather front boundary region of that category (or, for the "no front" category, the probability that the cell is not in any weather front boundary region).</p> <p>Each weather front probability map was then processed to obtain polyline skeletons of the weather front boundary regions found by DL-FRONT. These vector representations of the fronts were then written to JSON files—one file for each hour. These front polylines were then rasterized into geospatial data grids and stored by year into netCDF-4 files that conform to the <a href="http://cfconventions.org/">Climate and Forecast Metadata Conventions</a>. The front data in each file is stored in a netCDF variable with dimensions (time, front type, y, x), where x and y are geospatial dimensions. There is a 2D geospatial data grid for each time step for each of the 4 front types—cold, warm, stationary, and occluded.</p> <p>There are two large groupings of the netCDF files. One group uses a data grid based on the <a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-regional-reanalysis-narr">North American Regional Reanalysis</a> (NARR) <a href="https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/docs/on388/tableb.html#GRID221">grid</a>, which is a Lambert Conformal Conic projection coordinate reference system (CRS) centered over North America. The NARR grid is quite close the the spatial range of data displayed on the WPC workstations used to perform surface analysis and identify front locations. The native NARR grid has grid cells which are 32 km on each side. Our grid covers the same extents with cells that are 96 km on each side.</p> <p>The other group uses a 1° latitude/longitude data grid centered over North America with extents 171W – 31W / 10N – 77 N. The files in this group are identified by the name MERRA2, because they were used with data from the NASA MERRA-2 dataset, which uses a latitude/longitude data grid.</p> <p>There are a number of files within each group. The files all follow the naming convention merra2_[masked]_<grid>_<n>wide_<year>.nc, where [masked] indicates that the presence of the word <em>masked</em> is optional and <grid> is either <em>merra2-1deg</em> or <em>narr-96km</em>. The the sequence <n>wide indicates the width with which the fronts were drawn, and <year> is the year for the data stored in the file.</p> <p>The files marked as masked had a mask applied to the data grids that corresponded to the envelope of the geospatial region where there are, on average, 40 or more front crossing of any type per year, as determined using the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2651361">Coded Surface Bulletin </a>dataset.</p> <p>The <n>wide portion of the file names takes two forms—<em>1wide</em> and <em>3wide</em>. The fronts in the <em>1wide</em> files were rasterized by drawing the front polylines with a width of one grid cell. The fronts in the <em>3wide</em> files were rasterized by drawing the front polylines with a width of 3 grid cells.</p> <p>Within each grid group, there are four subsets of files:</p> <ul> <li>merra2_masked_<grid>_1wide_<year>.nc</li> <li>merra2_masked_<grid>_3wide_<year>.nc</li> <li>merra2_<grid>_1wide_<year>.nc</li> <li>merra2_<grid>_3wide_<year>.nc</li> </ul>
Fig.2. A in Post-extinction survivor fauna from the lowermost Famennian of eastern North America
Fig.2. A.StratigraphicintervalinupperHanoverShaleatGladeCreekthatcontainsUpperKellwasserInterval,Frasnian–Famennianboundary,andbrachiopod bed. Rose diagram is orientation of long axis of lingulid (Barroisella) valves on the bedding surface. Numbers to the right of the stratigraphic section denote bad thickness (in cm). B. Photograph of brachiopod−bearing bedding surface showing partially exfoliated ventral valves of the chonetid brachiopod Retichonetes aff. R. obscurus. C. Cross section of brachiopod−rich horizon. The dark band in the center of the cross section is pyrite−rich.
Fig. 4 in Post-extinction survivor fauna from the lowermost Famennian of eastern North America
Fig. 4. Brachiopods from the shell bed in the Hanover Shale Member of the Java Formation. A–D. Retichonetes aff. S. obscurus Cooper and Dutro, 1982. A. Internal mold of dorsal valve, NYSM 15704 with low medial myophragm, simple sockets flanking the pit near base of cardinal process, × 5.4. B. Upper exteriorviewofdorsalvalve,NYSM15710,×4.8. C.Internalmoldofdorsalvalve,NYSM15705,×7. D.Ventralvalveshowingcostellaewithcrushedand distorted ventral valve of Ambocoelia cf. A. gregaria in upper left, NYSM 15718, × 3.3. E. Tylothyris mesacostalis (Hall, 1867), view of dorsal valve showing centric lamellose ornament and central groove on fold, NYSM 15711, × 2.3. F, G. Praewaagenoconcha speciosa (Hall, 1867). F. Internal mold of dorsal valve with impression of medial myophragm and rugae along the postero−lateral margin, NYSM 15706, × 1.7. G. External mold of dorsal valve showing radial spine bases with some exfoliated shell material, NYSM 15695, × 1.5. H, I. Cyrtospirifer hornellensis Greiner, 1957. H. Exfoliated dorsal valve showing extended postero−lateral extremity, NYSM 15692. I. Ventral valve, NYSM 15691; both × 1.8. J. Ambocoelia cf. A. gregaria Hall, 1867, upper view of flattened dorsal valve showing dorsal groove, NYSM 15719 × 3.5.
Fig. 3 in Post-extinction survivor fauna from the lowermost Famennian of eastern North America
Fig. 3. Brachiopod fauna of the shell bed in upper Hanover Shale Member of the Java Formation. A. Schizophoria (S.) sp. upper view of exfoliated ventral valve, NYSM 15701, × 1.7. B–D. Thiemella leonensis (Hall, 1867). B. Dorsal valve of juvenile specimen, NYSM 15722, × 4.6. C. Ventral valve, NYSM 15694,×2. D.Ventralviewofnearlycompleteshellextractedfrommoldiccavitytoleft,NYSM15699,×2.2.E, F. Ripidiorhynchus?sp. E.Upperviewofventralvalvewithplicaextendingfromanteriormargintobeakofvalve,NYSM15723,×2. F.Partialventralvalveshowingmedialandleftlateralflankplications, NYSM15724,×2. G. Chapinella?sp.,ventralvalvewithlateralplicationsnearshellmargin,NYSM15727,×2. H.Genusandspeciesuncertain,ventralvalve withradialplicaextendingfromanteriorandlateralmarginstobeakofNYSM15728,×4. I, J. Praewaagenoconcha speciosa (Hall,1867). I.Interiorofdorsal valve showing bilobed cardinal process, NYSM 15696, × 2. J. Upper view of ventral valve showing quincuncially arranged spines, NYSM 15697, × 2.
Fig. 4 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 4. Map showing the geographic distribution of three small mammal assemblage types predicted for the City of Calgary area by a multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model associating the environmental variables to assemblage types, developed from data collected in 2012 and 2013 (Liccioli et al., 2014). Note how large portion of BWM and NHP were classified as assemblage 1 as expected, but also large portion of FCPP, where it was not expected.
Fig. 1 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 1. Study sites for the characterization of the small mammal assemblages in urban Calgary, AB, Canada in 2012–2013, showing the location of five areas in Urban Calgary and detailed map of Bowmont, Southland Lowlands, and Weaselhead. Bowmont (BM), Fishcreek Provincial Park (FCPP), Nose Hill Park (NHP), Southland Lowlands (SL), and Weaselhead (WSH).
Fig. 2 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 2. Dendrograms derived from the Bray-Curtis similarity of small mammal assemblages in five parks and natural areas in urban Calgary, AB, Canada, 2012–2013. a) Dendrogram using abundance data and group-average clustering algorithm. The dashed line indicates the cluster cut-off line of 45% similarity. Symbols for each site indicate the prevalence of definitive hosts (EmDH) and presence (1) or absence (0) of infected small mammals (EmIH). b) Dendrogram using abundance data and complete-linkage clustering algorithm. Note how it is similar to the dendrogram using group-average algorithm. c) Dendrogram using proportion data and group-average clustering algorithm. Note how all BM sites are in single cluster and all NHP sites and most sites are in another cluster, similar to the dendrogram using abundance data.
FIGURE 77. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–C. AMNH 76304, AMNH loc. 3921 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 77. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–C. AMNH 76304, AMNH loc. 3921, upper Baculites baculus Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral. D–F. AMNH 76402, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. D, Right lateral; E, apertural; F, ventral. G–I. AMNH 76400, paratype, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana G, Right lateral; H, apertural; I, ventral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 74. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconchs. A. USNM 723231 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 74. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconchs. A. USNM 723231, left lateral, USGS loc. 22142, Baculites eliasi Zone, Bearpaw Shale, Valley County, Montana. The coarse ornamentation on the inner whorls is visible. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber. B, C. AMNH 73031, left lateral, fragment with the body chamber attached (B) and removed (C), B. baculus Zone, AMNH loc. 3921, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. The ornamentation on the inner whorls consists of widely spaced ribs and ventrolateral tubercles.
FIGURE 76. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–D. AMNH 135087, AMNH loc. 3921 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 76. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–D. AMNH 135087, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. E–H. AMNH 77597, AMNH loc. 3246, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, southwest of Wibaux (= Mingusville), Wibaux County, Montana. E, Right lateral; F, apertural; G, ventral; H, left lateral. I–L. AMNH 134704, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. I, Right lateral; J, apertural; K, ventral; L, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 78. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–D. AMNH 135978, AMNH loc. 3921 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 78. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–D. AMNH 135978, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. E–H. AMNH 76311, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. Note the difference in umbilical diameter between the left and right sides due to a growth deformity. E, Right lateral; F, apertural; G, ventral; H, left lateral. I–L. BHI 4893, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. I, Right lateral; J, apertural; K, ventral; L, left lateral. The two rows of ventrolateral tubercles have merged into a single row of midventral tubercles due to a sublethal injury. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 67 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 67. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch, paratype. A–D. USNM 723217, USGS loc. 23399, Baculites eliasi zone, Bearpaw Shale, Valley County, Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 71. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. SDSM 149990 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 71. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. SDSM 149990, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Dawson County, Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 65. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. BHI 4128 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 65. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. BHI 4128, probably Baculites eliasi Zone, Bearpaw Shale, Valley County, Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 64. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. SDSM 149991 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 64. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. SDSM 149991, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Dawson County, Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 75. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–D. AMNH 105901 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 75. Hoploscaphites peterseni, microconchs. A–D. AMNH 105901, paratype, AMNH loc. 3921, upper Baculites baculus Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. E–H. BHI 4129, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. E, Right lateral; F, apertural; G, ventral; H, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 62. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. AMNH 71932, AMNH loc. 3921 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 62. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. AMNH 71932, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 60 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 60. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch, holotype. A–D. AMNH 71848, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 56 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 56. Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek and Hayden, 1860), microconchs. A–C. AMNH 135970, AMNH loc. 3921, lower Baculites baculus Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral. D–G. AMNH 135991, AMNH loc. 3921, Baculites baculus or lower B. grandis Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. D, Right lateral; E, apertural; F, ventral; G, left lateral. H–K. USNM 366 (cast of holotype of Scaphites nodosus var. quadrangularis), illustrated in Meek (1876: pl. 25, fig. 3a-c), said to be from the Pierre Shale on the "Yellowstone River, Montana, 150 miles above its mouth," and probably, more specifically, from the Cedar Creek Anticline, Dawson County, Montana. H, Right lateral; I, apertural; J, ventral; K, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
FIGURE 70. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. AMNH 105906 in LARGE SCAPHITID AMMONITES (HOPLOSCAPHITES) FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS (UPPER CAMPANIAN–LOWER MAASTRICHTIAN) OF NORTH AMERICA: ENDLESS VARIATION ON A SINGLE THEME
FIGURE 70. Hoploscaphites peterseni, macroconch. A–D. AMNH 105906, paratype, robust specimen, AMNH loc. 3921, lower Baculites baculus Zone, Pierre Shale, Cedar Creek Anticline, east-central Montana. A, Right lateral; B, apertural; C, ventral; D, left lateral. Arrow indicates the base of the body chamber.
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