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3,484 results for “Plastics”
Short-finned pilot whales exhibit behavioral plasticity in foraging strategies mediated by their environment
<p>Predators adapt their foraging behavior to exploit a variety of prey in a range of environments. Short-finned pilot whales are wide-ranging predators in tropical and sub-tropical oceans, but most previous studies of their foraging ecology have been conducted near oceanic islands. We deployed sound and movement recording tags on 43 short-finned pilot whales off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA, to measure their foraging behavior in a continental shelf-break ecosystem and investigate how variation in the environment shapes their behavior. Overall, the foraging behavior of pilot whales off Cape Hatteras was similar to that of their counterparts from island-associated habitats. Off Cape Hatteras, pilot whales made foraging dives as deep as 1077 m (mean: 445 m), lasting up to 23 min (mean: 12.8 min), with sprints (pursuit at speeds over 3 m/s and up to 6.9 m/s) in more than half of foraging dives. However, tagged whales off Cape Hatteras produced higher buzz rates (11.3 buzzes/dive), foraged more extensively in daytime hours, and engaged in more frequent benthic foraging than island-associated ecotypes. By parsing the echoic scene generated by the animal's own echolocation clicks, we show that pilot whales off Cape Hatteras frequently exploit bathymetric features for foraging, with benthic dives resulting in higher prey capture attempts than pelagic dives. The ability of these predators to strategically adapt foraging strategies to local habitat features likely contributes to their ecological success and may allow them to adjust to shifts in prey distributions in a rapidly changing Anthropocene ocean.</p>
Gene expression underlying parenting and being parented shows limited plasticity in response to different ambient temperatures
<p>Flexible interactions between parents and offspring are essential for buffering families against variable, unpredictable, and challenging environmental conditions. In the subsocial carrion beetle, <em>Nicrophorus orbicollis</em>, mid-summer temperatures impose steep fitness costs on parents and offspring but do not elicit behavioral plasticity in parents. Here, we ask if plasticity of gene expression underpins this behavioral stability or facilitates independent compensation by larvae. To test this, we characterized gene expression of parents and offspring before and during active parenting under benign (20°C) and stressful (24°C) temperatures to identify genes of parents and offspring associated with thermal response, parenting/being parented, and gene expression plasticity associated with behavioral stability of parental care. The main effects of thermal and social condition each shaped patterns of gene expression in females, males, and larvae. In addition, we implicated 79 genes in females as 'buffering' parental behavior across environments. The majority of these underwent significant changes in expression in actively parenting mothers at the benign temperature, but not at the stressful temperature. Our results suggest that neither genetic programs for parenting nor their effects on offspring gene expression are fundamentally different under stressful conditions, and that behavioral stability is associated primarily with the maintenance of existing genetic programs rather than replacement or supplementation. Thus, while selection for compensatory gene expression could expand the range of thermal conditions parents will tolerate, without expanding the toolkit of genes involved selection is unlikely to lead to adaptive changes of function.</p>
Data and code from: Great tits differ in glucocorticoid plasticity in response to spring temperature
<p>No description provided.</p> <p>This repository contains R-codes used for a project on glucocorticoid plasticity using data from a free-living great tit population. Specifically, the repository contains R-codes used in the following study:</p> <p>Hau M, Deimel C, Moiron M (2022) Great tits differ in glucocorticoid plasticity in response to spring temperature.BioRxiv (doi: 10.1101/2022.04.21.489013) Link to paper: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489013v1">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.21.489013v1</a></p> <p>For any further information, please get in touch with at least one (preferably both) of the following researchers: Dr. Maria Moiron, email: <a href="mailto:mariamoironc@gmail.com">mariamoironc@gmail.com</a> Prof. Dr. Michaela Hau, email: <a href="mailto:mhau@orn.mpg.de">mhau@orn.mpg.de</a></p> <p>Code: All R code is available in the main folder and scripts are numbered in order of use from 001 to 004. Scripts titles should be self-explanatory, but each script contains a "Description of script and Instructions" section with further information.</p>
Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Morphological and genetic mechanisms underlying the plasticity of the coral Porites astreoides across depths in Bermuda
<p>This data repository contains the raw data used in the morphological analyses for "Morphological and genetic mechanisms underlying the plasticity of the coral Porites astreoides across depths in Bermuda" </p> <ul> <li><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108036" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108036</a></li> </ul>
Airborne spectral reflectance dataset of submerged plastic targets in a coastal environment (SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FILES)
<p>SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FILES for the paper entitled: "Airborne spectral reflectance dataset of submerged plastic targets in a coastal environment." Data are organized in three categories:</p> <p>- orthophoto maps (date in YYYY,MM,DD e.g. 20210615_SPOTS_Ortho_UTM_35N)</p> <p>- Hyper Cubes UTM_35N NO Normalized (date in YYYY,MM,DD_Flight number_Height_UTM zone e.g. 20210615_F47_H25_UTM_35N)</p> <p>Hyper Cubes UTM_35N Normalized (date in YYYY,MM,DD_Flight number_Height_UTM zone_NORM e.g. 20210615_F47_H25_UTM_35N_NORM)</p>
Kiessling et al. Plastic Pirates single use plastics and other litter Dataset
<p>Full dataset of the citizen science data from riversides in Germany collected in the project Plastic Pirates and used within the study "What potential has the EU Single-Use Plastic Directive in reducing plastic pollution at coastlines and riversides? An evaluation based on citizen science data". Litter data for individual sampling sites and metadata can be found within the file. See the main text of the manuscript for a full description of methods for the collection of these data.</p>
Community-wide trait adaptation, but not plasticity, explain ant community structure in extreme environments
<p>1. Quantifying trait-environment associations can help elucidate the processes underpinning the structure of species assemblages. However, most work has focused on trait variation across rather than within species, meaning that processes operating at the intraspecific levels cannot be detected. Incorporating intraspecific trait variation in community-wide analyses can provide valuable insights about the role of morphological adaptation and plasticity on species persistence and the composition of ecological communities.</p> <p>2. Here, we assessed geographic variation in the direction (i.e., adaptation) and strength of selection, and the magnitude of plasticity, by examining community-wide trait variation in ant communities along an environmental gradient spanning 9° latitude in Quebec, Canada. Specifically, we measured 9 morphological traits related to foraging strategies, resource use and thermal regulation at 20 locations across temperate and boreal forests. We then examined how the mean and variance of these traits varied along temperature and precipitation gradients. Moreover, we examined how these trait-environment relationships varied across levels of organization, from individual workers (intraspecific) to colonies (intraspecific) and species (interspecific).</p> <p>3. We observed changes in mean trait values along environmental gradients, but very little change in variance. Specifically, we observed a decrease in the mean length of antennae and an increase in the mean eye length from mild (warm and wet) to more extreme environments (cold and dry). These shifts in trait means were mostly coordinated across organizational levels (i.e., worker, colony, and species). We also observed a general increase in trait variance from mild to extreme environments, but only at the species level.</p> <p>4. Our findings suggest that stressful environmental conditions exert a strong selection pressure on ant morphology causing shifts in optimal trait values. These adaptations may enable persistence at the northern edge of the boreal forest and therefore influence the composition of these ant communities. Specifically, ants with large eyes and short antennae are overrepresented at the transition zone between the boreal forest and the tundra, possibly representing an adaptation to these more open habitats. Our study demonstrates that combining spatial and community-wide intraspecific functional trait data provides a promising way forward to gain new insights on trait adaptations and processes underpinning community structure along environmental gradients.</p>
A test for plasticity in sperm motility activation
<p>Evolutionary theory predicts that selection will favour phenotypic plasticity in sperm traits that maximise fertilisation success in dynamic fertilisation environments. In species with external fertilisation, osmolality of the fertilisation medium is known to play a critical role in activating sperm motility, but evidence for osmotic-induced sperm plasticity is limited to euryhaline fish and marine invertebrates. Whether this capacity extends to freshwater taxa remains unknown. Here, we provide the first test for plasticity in sperm-motility activation in response to osmotic environment in an anuran amphibian. Unexpectedly, there was no detectable shift in the optimal osmolality for sperm-motility activation after approximately 13 weeks of acclimation (a period reflecting the duration of the winter breeding season). However, in both the low and high acclimation treatments, the optimal osmolality for sperm-motility activation mirrored the osmolality at the natural breeding site, indicating a phenotypic match to the local environment. Previously it has been shown that <em>C. signifera</em> display among-population covariation between environmental osmolality and sperm performance. Coupled with this finding, the results of the present study suggest that inter-population differences reflect genetic divergence and local adaptation. We discuss the need for experimental tests of osmotic-induced sperm plasticity in more freshwater taxa to better understand the environmental and evolutionary contexts favouring adaptive plasticity in sperm-motility activation.</p>
A model for the dissemination of circulating tumour cell clusters involving platelet recruitment and a plastic switch between cooperative and individual behaviours
<p>This folder includes live/dead cell counts as well as transwell assay data for the corresponding manuscript. </p>
Agricultural plastic waste in Italy-Spain-Greece-Portugal
<p>Agricultural plastic waste in South Europe (Italy, Spain, Greece and Portugal) at the NUTS 2 regional level (EUROSTAT).</p>
Variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations are not related to their genotypic and ecological diversity
<p>Despite its implications for population dynamics and evolution, the relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation in wild populations remains unclear. Here, we estimated variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of the annual plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> in two common garden experiments that differed in environmental conditions. We used up to 306 maternal inbred lines from six Iberian populations characterized by low and high genotypic (based on whole-genome sequences) and ecological (vegetation type) diversity. Low and high genotypic and ecological diversity was found in edge and core Iberian environments, respectively. Given that selection is expected to be stronger in edge environments and that ecological diversity may enhance both phenotypic variation and plasticity, we expected genotypic diversity to be positively associated with phenotypic variation and plasticity. However, maternal lines, irrespective of the genotypic and ecological diversity of their population of origin, exhibited a substantial amount of phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits. Furthermore, all populations harbored maternal lines with canalization (robustness) or sensitivity in response to harsher environmental conditions in one of the two experiments. Overall, we conclude that the environmental attributes of each population probably determine their genotypic diversity, but all populations maintain substantial phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits, which represents an asset to endure in changing environments.</p>
Plasticity and associated epigenetic mechanisms play a role in thermal evolution during range expansion
<p>Due to global change many species are shifting their distribution and are thereby confronted with novel thermal conditions at the moving range edges. <span>Especially during the initial phases of exposure to a new environment, it has been hypothesized that plasticity and associated epigenetic mechanisms enable species to cope with environmental change.</span> We tested this idea by capitalizing on the well-documented southward range expansion of the damselfly Ischnura elegans from France into Spain where the species has invaded warmer regions in the 1950s in eastern Spain (old edge region) and in the 2010s in central Spain (new edge region). Using a common garden experiment at rearing temperatures matching the ancestral and invaded thermal regimes, we tested for evolutionary changes in (thermal plasticity in) larval life history and heat tolerance in these expansion zones. Through the use of de- and hypermethylating agents we tested whether epigenetic mechanisms play a role in enabling heat tolerance during expansion. We used the phenotype of the native sister species in Spain, I. graellsii, as proxy for the locally adapted phenotype. New edge populations converged towards the phenotype of the native species through plastic thermal responses in life history and heat tolerance while old edge populations (partly) constitutively evolved a faster life history and higher heat tolerance than the core populations, thereby matching the native species. Only the heat tolerance of new edge populations increased significantly when exposed to the hypermethylating agent. This suggests that the DNA methylation machinery is more amenable to perturbation at the new edge and shows it is able to play a role in achieving a higher heat tolerance. Our results show that both (evolved) plasticity as well as associated epigenetic mechanisms are initially important when facing new thermal regimes but that their importance diminishes with time.</p>
Data from: Associations between developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in plants with temporally heterogeneous environmental experience
<p>We subjected eight plant species to a first round of alternating inundation and drought vs. constantly moderate water treatments and a second round of water conditions. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), intra- and inter-individual variations (CV<sub>intra</sub> and CV<sub>inter</sub>), and plasticity in traits were measured and correlations between variables were calculated for each species. Early temporally heterogeneous experience decreased the leaf size of half of the species, but had complex effects on leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and inter-individual variation (CV<sub>inter</sub>) in traits immediately or in late conditions, with little effects on intra-individual variation (CV<sub>intra</sub>). There were several positive correlations between FA and CV<sub>inter</sub>, while there were correlations between CV<sub>inter</sub> and plasticity in early treatments, but negative ones in late treatments.</p>
Multimodal data set for the investigation of the early stage of plasticity in a polycrystalline titanium sample
<p>This dataset is the result of several experiments to study the early stage of plasticity in a polycrystalline sample of a commercially pure alpha phase grade 2 titanium (CP-Ti family). The study aimed to achieve three critical goals: first, the acquisition of a 3D representation of the microstructure; second, the conduction of in situ measurements capturing grain-scale plasticity dynamics during a controlled tensile test; and third, a rigorous comparison of these experimental observations against the predictions derived from a microstructure-sensitive crystal plasticity simulation. This simulation was conducted on a digital twin of the titanium sample, aiming to assess the predictive accuracy of the model at the local scale. The data set was assembled from the different sources using the Pymicro package. </p>
Data for "Testing for variation in photoperiodic plasticity in a butterfly: inconsistent effects of circadian genes between geographic scales" (Ecology and Evolution, accepted manuscript)
<p>Raw data and analysis scripts belonging to <em>Testing for variation in photoperiodic plasticity in a butterfly: inconsistent effects of circadian genes between geographic scales</em> (Ecology and Evolution, accepted manuscript).</p> <p>Includes data from a photoperiodic assay with larvae of the speckled wood butterfly, <em>Pararge aegeria</em>, as well as a small bioinformatic analysis of SNP variation in two circadian candidate genes.</p> <p>List of files:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>statistics_and_figures.R</td> <td>Statistical analysis of phenotyping experiment; drawing figures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>variant_calling.sh</td> <td>Shell script for mapping sequencing reads; calling and tabulating SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>experiment_diapause.txt</td> <td>Data from phenotyping experiment, for analysis of diapause induction</td> </tr> <tr> <td>experiment_larval</td> <td>Data from phenotyping experiment, for analysis of larval development</td> </tr> <tr> <td>snptable_timeless</td> <td>Tabulated allele frequencies for exonic SNPs in timeless</td> </tr> <tr> <td>snptable_period</td> <td>Tabulated allele frequencies for exonic SNPs in period</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Quantitative and qualitative description of plastic chemical additives releases
<p>The folder "HPLC-ESI-MS data on the characterization of mulching film additives.rar" available on Zenodo includes liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry raw data (as .txt files) of the analyses of the additivies carried out on two biodegradable mulch films (PBAT-based, coded as BIO). In particular, data regarding BIOIT-0 and BIOEL-0 refer to two pristine film samples, while those BIOIT-192 and BIOEL-192 are related to the sampe samples subjected to a 192-hour aging carried out by artificial solar light irradiation at 60 °C. Full scan and quantitative analysis runs are included. Furthermore, the experimental HPLC-ESI-MS runs carried out on varying concentration mixtures of standard compounds typically used as polymer additives has been included:</p> <p> DioxyBenzone (cas:131-53-3; formula: C14H12O4; MW:244,25 g/mol)<br> Triethyl O-Acetiylcitrate (cas:77-89-4; formula: C14H22O8; MW: 318,32 g/mol)<br> 2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone (cas: 1843-05-6; formula: C21H26O3; MW: 326,43 g/mol)<br> Octyl 3-Octyloxiraneoctanoic Acid (cas: 106-84-3; formula: C26H50O3; MW: 410,67 g/mol)<br> Tris(2,4-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (cas: 31570-04-4; formula: C42H63O3P; MW: 646,92 g/mol)<br> cis-13-Docosenoamide (cas: 112-84-5; formula: C22H43NO; MW: 337,58 g/mol)<br> 12-Hydroxystearic Acid (cas: 106-14-9; formula: C18H36O3; MW: 300,48 g/mol)<br> 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (cas: 2403-88-5; formula: C9H19NO; MW: 157,25 g/mol)<br> 2-(4,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-5-[(hexyl)oxy]-phenol (cas: 147315-50-2; formula: C27H27N3O2; MW: 425,52 g/mol)</p> <p><br> </p>
Ausband_Bassing_helper_plasticity
<p>Data associated with whether a mature, nonbreeding wolf stayed in a group or left after breeder turnover. </p>
Synergistic olfactory processing for social plasticity in desert locusts
<p>Desert locust plagues threaten the food security of millions. Central to their formation is crowding-induced plasticity, with social phenotypes changing from cryptic (solitarious) to swarming (gregarious). Here, we elucidate the implications of this transition on foraging decisions and corresponding neural circuits. We use behavioral experiments and Bayesian modeling to decompose the multi-modal facets of foraging, revealing olfactory social cues as critical. To this end, we investigate how corresponding odors are encoded in the locust olfactory system using in-vivo calcium imaging. We discover crowding-dependent synergistic interactions between food-related and social odors distributed across stable combinatorial response maps. The observed synergy was specific to the gregarious phase and manifested in distinct odor response motifs. Our results suggest a crowding-induced modulation of the locust olfactory system that enhances food detection in swarms. Overall, we demonstrate how linking sensory adaptations to behaviorally relevant tasks can improve our understanding of social modulation in non-model organisms.</p>
High resolution dataset of plastic deformation at cryogenic temperatures in a nickel-based superalloy
<p>A nickel-based superalloy is examined during monotonic deformation at cryogenic temperatures, reaching as low as liquid helium temperature. A detailed multimodal analysis of the microstructure and plasticity is conducted to discern changes in deformation mechanisms and plastic deformation localization under cryogenic conditions. This study employs high-resolution digital image correlation to identify the deformation mechanisms and understand their influence on plastic deformation localization as the temperature varies. At cryogenic temperatures, unusual plastic deformation localization processes are observed, attributed to the competing activation of a range of deformation processes. Furthermore, a mechanism of slip delocalization, i.e., local plastic deformation homogenization through closely spaced slip, is noted at these extreme temperatures. Ultimately, the impact of the microstructure is identified across the temperature range, from room to cryogenic temperatures.</p>
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