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Fig. 1 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 1. Modified topology from Meredith et al. (2009) based on Bayesian analysis of five nuclear genes. Taxa for which I do not have nasal cavity data were pruned from the topology or if possible substituted for closely related species for which I do have nasal cavity data. Didelphis was used as a representative of Didelphinae; Dendrolagus was substituted for Aepyprymnus; Wallabia was substituted for Macropus; Sminthopsis was substituted for Phascolosorex. Substitutions within Marsupialia were based on the topologies by Cardillo et al. (2004). The outgroups were pruned from the topology of Meredith et al. (2009) and instead the following taxa for which I have nasal cavity data were included: Mus, Pteropus, Erinaceus, Ornithorhynchus, and Tachyglossus. The polytomy for the placental mammals reflects the uncertainty in higher level systematics for Placentalia, whereas the monotreme relationships are well established (e.g., Rowe et al., 2008).

Fig. 24 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 24. Coronal CT images showing the presence or absence of prominent lateral expanded bulges within the shaft of the ossified nasal septum (char. 31). (A) bulges present (char. 31.0), Dromiciops gliroides, C136 (FMNH 127463), scale bar equals 1 mm; (B) bulges absent (char. 31.1), Wallabia bicolor, C386 (TMM M-4169), scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum; SER, sphenethmoid recess.

Fig. 23 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 23. Digital renderings of the cribriform plate showing the presence or absence of a crista galli (char. 34). (A) crista galli is present (char. 34.0), Caluromys philander (AMNH 95526); (B) crista galli is absent (char. 34.1), Dendrolagus lumholtzi (AMNH 65254). Both scale bars equal 1 mm.

Fig. 13 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 13. Coronal CT images showing the morphology of the caudodorsal portion of caudal nasoturbinal (caudal to nasoturbinal division around endoturbinal I; char. 10). (A) caudodorsal portion is unfolded (ch. 10.0), Dromiciops gliroides, C245 (FMNH 127463), scale bar equals 1 mm; (B) caudodorsal portion curls (char. 10.1), Phalanger orientalis, C250 (AMNH 157211), scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum; SER, sphenethmoid recess.

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram showing a in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 8. Schematic diagram showing a dorsal view of the paries nasi of the chondrocranium of a marsupial. Rostral is to the left. Figure modeled after Smith and Rossie (2006: fig. 8.4). Abbreviations: EC, ectoturbinal; EN, endoturbinal.

Fig. 28 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 28. Coronal CT images showing the complexity of the rostral portion of the maxilloturbinal in marsupials (char. 1). (A) arborlike maxilloturbinal (char. 1.0), Dasyurus hallucatus, C208 (TMM M-6921); (B) simple maxilloturbinal (char. 1.1), Isoodon macrourus, C150 (TMM M-6922); (C) curled lamella (char. 1.1), Phascolarctos cinereus, C129 (TMM M-2946). All scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum.

Fig. 16 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 16. Coronal CT images showing the caudalmost extent of ventral attachment of nasoturbinal (char. 13). (A) attachment is rostral to caudal terminus of maxilloturbinal (char. 13.0), Petauroides volans, C450 (AMNH 150055); (B) attachment is at coronal level of caudal terminus of maxilloturbinal (char. 13.1), Trichosurus vulpecula, C212 (TMM M-849); (C) attachment is caudal to caudal terminus of maxilloturbinal (char. 13.2), Isoodon macrourus, C374 (TMM M-6922). All scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum; PTL, posterior transverse lamina.

Fig. 12 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 12. Coronal CT images showing the morphology of the caudal nasoturbinal (char. 7). (A) caudal nasoturbinal is unbranched (char. 7.0), Dromiciops gliroides, C230 (FMNH 127463); (B) caudal nasoturbinal has at least one branch (char. 7.1), Caenolestes fuliginosus, C389 (KU 124015). Both scale bars equal 1 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum.

Fig. 27 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 27. Coronal CT images showing the morphology of the maxillary recess (char. 26). (A) caudal portion of recess is medially enclosed by posterior transverse lamina (char. 26.0), Dasyurus hallucatus, C330 (TMM M-6921), scale bar equals 5 mm; (B) uncinate process of the caudal nasoturbinal also contributes to the medial wall of the recess (char. 26.1), Monodelphis domestica, C190 (TMM M-7599), scale bar equals 1 mm. Abbreviation: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum; NPM, nasopharyngeal meatus; PTL, posterior transverse lamina; SER, sphenethmoid recess.

Figure 11. Accipitrid distal right humerus SAMA P.58917 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 11. Accipitrid distal right humerus SAMA P.58917 in cranial (A), caudal (B), dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CDCS, condylus dorsalis caudal scars; CV, condylus ventralis; EV, epicondylus ventralis; FB, fossa brachialis; FO, fossa olecrani; II, incisura intercondylaris; MECR, m. extensor carpi radialis insertion scars; MFCUS, musculus flexor carpi ulnaris scars; PF, processus flexorius; PSD, tuberculum supracondylare dorsale; PSI, pronator superficialis insertion; SHT, sulcus humerotricipitalis; SST, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; TSV, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 3 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 3. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 rostrum in lateral (A) and ventral (B) view; quadrate in medial (C) and lateral (D) view; atlas vertebra in caudal (E), lateral (F) and cranial (G) view; and axis vertebra in caudal (H), lateral (I) and cranial (J) view. Specimens in A-D are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: Arc. At., arcus atlantis; CC, condylus caudalis; CM, condylus medialis; CP, condylus pterygoideus; CS, capitulum squamosum; CT, crista tomialis; FA, facies articularis; FAA, facies articularis axialis; FC, fossa condyloidea; FPB, fossa pneumaticum basiorbitale; FPC, fossa/depressio pneumaticum caudomediale; IAC, incisura caudalis arcus; IF, incisura fossae; IV, incisura ventromedialis; N, nasale; PAC, processus articularis caudalis; PM, pars maxillaris palatini; POr, processus orbitalis; POt, processus oticus. Scale bars are 10 mm.

Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 12. Distal left femur NMV P.222435 depicted in cranial (A), caudal (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) view. Abbreviations: CM, condylus medialis; EL, epicondylus lateralis; FPop, fossa poplitea; IG, impressio m. gastrocnemialis lateralis; ILCC, impressio lig. cruciati cranialis; LIC, linea intermuscularis caudalis; PPAP, planum popliteum attachment point; SP, sulcus patellaris; TF, trochlea fibularis; TMGM, tuberculum muscularis gastrocnemialis medialis. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 4 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 4. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 partial sternum in cranial (A), left lateral (B) and dorsal (C) view; right scapula in lateral (D) and medial (E) view; omal fragments of the left coracoid in medial (F) and lateral (H) view and of the right coracoid indorsal (G) and medial (I) view. Specimens in A, B, and F-I are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: AC, apex carina; Ac, acromion; CMC, crista medialis carinae; CtS, cotyla scapularis; ColS, collum scapulae; FAC, facies articularis clavicularis; FAH, facies articularis humeralis; FoNS, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; ILA, impressio ligamenti acrocoracohumeralis; LI, labrum internum; MD, margo dorsalis; PC, pila carinae; PM, pila medialis; P. Procor., processus procoracoideus; SAC, sulcus articularis coracoideus; SE, spina externa; SMS, sulcus m. supracoracoidei; TC, tuberculum coracoideum. Scale bars are 10 mm.

Figure 8 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 8. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 proximal left and right femoral fragments in medial (A) and cranial (B) view, left tibiotarsus in cranial (C) and caudal (D) aspect, and distal right tibiotarsus (E-G) in medial (E) lateral (F) and cranial (G) view. Abbreviations: CExt, canalis extensorius; CrF, crista fibularis; CL, condylus lateralis; CM, condylus medialis; CrTRMF, cranial tuberculum retinaculi musculus fibularis; DEL, depressio epicondylaris lateralis; DEM, depressio epicondylaris medialis; DREM, distal insertion retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; ECM, epicondylus medialis; FAAce, facies articularis acetabularis; FLC, fovea ligamenti capitis; II, incisura intercondylaris; ILCM, impressio ligamenti collateralis medialis; PTREM, proximal insertion scar retinaculum extensorium tibiotarsi; PS, pons supratendineus; SExt, sulcus extensorius; SELC, lateral crista beside sulcus extensorius. Scale bars 10 mm.

Figure 7 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 7. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left carpometacarpus in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, manual phalanx digiti majoris II.1 broken distally (C), manual phalanx digiti majoris II.2 (D), manual phalanx digiti alularis I.1 (E), manual phalanx digiti minoris III.1 (F), os carpale radiale in caudal (G) and cranial (H) view, and os carpale ulnare in caudal (I) and cranial (J) view. Carpometacarpus coated with ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CaD, caudal fossa; CB, crus breve; CCr, caudal crista; CrL, crus longus; CLF, crus longus fossa; CLS, crus longus sulcus; CrPro, cranial projection; CVFos, cranial ventral fossa; DSyn, distal synostosis; DVF, dorsal ventral fossa; DVP, distoventral projection; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; FADMaj, facies articularis digitalis major; FADMin, facies articularis digitalis minor; FAM, facies articularis metacarpalis; FARad, facies articularis radialis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; FAUF, facies articularis ulnaris fossa; FCCr, fovea carpalis cranialis; FCCd, fovea carpalis caudalis; FI, fossa infratrochlearis; FS, fossa supratrochlearis; IM, incisura metacarpalis; ITR, intermetacarpal tuberosity; NMUMV, notch for musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; OMMa, os metacarpale majus; OMMi, os metacarpale minus; PA, processus alularis; PDF, proximodorsal fossa; PE, processus extensorius; PLA, proximal ligament attachment; PrPis, processus pisiformis; PS, proximal sulcus; PSyn, proximal synostosis; PVP, proximoventral projection; SpI, spatium intermetacarpale; ST, sulcus tendineus; SV, sulcus on ventral facies; TrC, trochlea carpalis. Scale bars 10 mm.

Figure 14. Analysis 4a in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 14. Analysis 4a: combined molecular and morphological data (ordered) analysed with Bayesian methods; molecular and morphological partition branch lengths unlinked. Node values show posterior probability.

Figure 6 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 6. Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998 left radius in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view, and left ulna in ventral (C), cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. Abbreviations: CD, condylus dorsalis; CrI, crista intercotylaris; CtV, cotyla ventralis; CV, condylus ventralis; DL, depressio ligamentosa; DR, depressio radialis; FAR, facies articularis radiocarpalis; FAU, facies articularis ulnaris; IB, impressio brachialis; IR, incisura radialis; IST, impressio scapulotricipitis; IT, incisura tendinosa; ITC, incisura tuberculum carpalis; PCD, processus cotylaris dorsalis; SI, sulcus intercondylaris; ST, sulcus tendineus; T, tuberculum; TAV, tuberculum aponeurosis ventralis; TBR, tuberculum bicipitale radiale; TCr, tuberculum carpale; TLCV, tuberculum ligamentum collateralis ventralis. Scale bar 10 mm.

Figure 5 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 5. Proximal humerus fragments of Archaehierax sylvestris gen. et. sp. nov. SAMA P.54998: right, in caudal view (A); left, in dorsal (B) and cranial (C) views. Specimens in B and C are coated in ammonium chloride. Abbreviations: CD, crista deltopectoralis; CDF, crus dorsale fossae; CH, caput humeri; CVF, crus ventrale fossae; FP, fossa pneumotricipitalis; IC, incisura capitis; IH, intumescentia humeri; SLT, sulcus ligamenti transversus. Scale bars are 10 mm.

Figure 13 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 13. PCA plots using length measurements of the carpometacarpus, ulna, humerus, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, pedal digit 1 and pedal digit 2 treated in three ways. (A) Absolute data, (B) log-transformed data, (C) size standardised data with variables proportional to quadrate height. Directional arrows at top right indicate directionality of limb length (S, short and L, long) along the PC axes. Note: axes in Aand Bhave been scaled for better visualisation, so 2D distances do not represent true 2D distances in PCA space. Abbreviations: Ae. mon., Aegypius monachus; Ar. syl., Archaehierax sylvestris; Aq. au., Aquila audax; Ci. as., Circus assimilis; El. scr., Elanus scriptus; Gy. cop., Gyps coprotheres; Ham. mel., Hamirostra melanosternon; Hal. leug., Haliaeetus leucogaster; Hi. mor., Hieraaetus morphnoides; Lo. isu., Lophoictinia isura; Ne. per., Neophron percnopterus; Pe. api., Pernis apivorus; Spl. ch., Spilornis cheela; Spz. tyr., Spizaetus tyrannus. Dark green, forested habitat; light green, woodland/open forest; orange, open habitat (grassland, savannah etc.). Fossil (Archaehierax) indicated by black square.

Figure 2 in An exceptional partial skeleton of a new basal raptor (Aves: Accipitridae) from the late Oligocene Namba formation, South Australia

Figure 2. Exemplar accipitriform skeleton, Pandion haliaetus cristatus, derived from an illustration in Eyton (1867), showing the bones preserved in the fossil accipitrid specimen SAMA P.54998 shaded in grey. The illustrated taxon and fossil material are not identical in terms of the morphology of individual elements.