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Three year average ozone concentrations within the central Arizona-Phoenix area, period 2003 to 2005
These data is part of the effort to provide the most detailed data on air quality in CAPLTER. This dataset represents spatially interpolated ozone (O3) levels as measured by monitroring stations of the Maricopa County Air Quality Department. O3 is a naturally occurring compound in which three oxygen atoms combine together. This is an unstable combination, and ozone is continually going through a natural cycle of being formed and then converting back to the more stable 'normal' double oxygen compound (O2). The cycle occurs fairly rapidly. In the stratosphere (6 miles and more above the earth), naturally occurring ozone has a beneficial effect of screening out harmful ultraviolet light from the sun. However, ground-level ozone is a pollutant and is a major component of the brown haze that is often observed in the Maricopa County valley. Ozone is not directly emitted into the air, but rather forms in a complex reaction that involves heat, sunlight, and a 'soup' of toxic pollutants, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some of the most common sources of VOCs are gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, and combustion products of fuels and consumer products. Ozone is created by sunlight acting on nitrates (NOX) and VOCs from motor vehicles and stationary sources, and can be carried hundreds of miles from their origins. Ozone affects the respiratory system in people and animals, and also affects the growth of plants.
Ecology Explorers educational data: vegetation data from multiple school locations in the central Arizona-Phoenix area
The Sonoran Desert has the most diverse native plant species of any desert in the world. Many plants are uniquely adapted to living here and they are part of food webs that include animals and insects that also are adapted to desert living. Phoenix is an ever-expanding urban area located within the Sonoran Desert. Scientists are studying the impact of this urbanization on plant communities. Over the past 100 years, people have removed a lot of native vegetation and planted nonnative plants, trees, and shrubs. But there are still some desert remnants areas that have been preserved as Sonoran Desert landscape within the Phoenix metropolitan area. CAP LTER scientists are conducting plant surveys across the Phoenix Metropolitan area. They will be comparing the survey results to studies done 20 years ago. They also are interested in comparing vegetation in desert remnants to that in residential areas, parks, golf courses and vacant lots. You can participate in this study by comparing schoolyard and/or backyard data to desert remnant data and sharing this informationwith CAP LTER scientists. You may also decide to correlate your vegetation studies with the LTER Ecology Explorers bird and insect studies.
Spatial-temporal change of climate in relation to urban fringe development in central Arizona-Phoenix
Not many studies have documented climate and air quality changes of settlements at early stages of development. This is because high quality climate and air quality records are deficient for the periods of the early 18th century to mid 20th century when many U.S. cities were formed and grew. Dramatic landscape change induces substantial local climate change during the incipient stage of development. Rapid growth along the urban fringe in Phoenix, coupled with a fine-grained climate monitoring system, provide a unique opportunity to study the climate impacts of urban development as it unfolds. Generally, heat islands form, particularly at night, in proportion to city population size and morphological characteristics. Drier air is produced by replacement of the countryside's moist landscapes with dry, hot urbanized surfaces. Wind is increased due to turbulence induced by the built-up urban fabric and its morphology; although, depending on spatial densities of buildings on the land, wind may also decrease. Air quality conditions are worsened due to increased city emissions and surface disturbances. Depending on the diversity of microclimates in pre-existing rural landscapes and the land-use mosaic in cities, the introduction of settlements over time and space can increase or decrease the variety of microclimates within and near urban regions. These differences in microclimatic conditions can influence variations in health, ecological, architectural, economic, energy and water resources, and quality-of-life conditions in the city. Therefore, studying microclimatic conditions which change in the urban fringe over time and space is at the core of urban ecological goals as part of LTER aims. In analyzing Phoenix and Baltimore long-term rural/urban weather and climate stations, Brazel et al. (In progress) have discovered that long-term (i.e., 100 years) temperature changes do not correlate with populations changes in a linear manner, but rather in a third-order nonlinear re
Monthly maximum air temperature in April (6 year mean) for the central Arizona-Phoenix area, 2000-2005
The dataset is part of the effort to provide the most detailed climate data for CAPLTER and related projects. This dataset represents average monthly maximum/minimun air temperature derived from spatial interpolation of daily temperature data from a dense network of meteorological sensors for the period of 6 years (2000-2005).
Land use effects on temperature and humidity along an urban-rural transect gradient in central Arizona-Phoenix
This study examines the effects of land use on microclimate along several commercial-to-rural land use transects in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.
Land use effects on temperature and humidity along an urban-rural transect gradient in central Arizona-Phoenix, 1999
These data result from a study that examined the effects of land use on microclimate along several commercial-to-rural land use transects in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.
Phoenix Area Social SurveyASS II Phoenix Area Social Survey II - performed during 2006 in the Central Arizona-Phoenix area
PASS is an interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers affiliated with the Central Arizona-Phoenix LTER (CAP LTER) and the Decision Center for a Desert City at Arizona State University. PASS uses social surveys of individuals in selected neighborhoods as methodology to explain the choices and actions of households and communities that influence the biophysical environment and the feedbacks of the environment to the quality of human life. After a successful pilot study in 2001-2002, data gathering for a much larger survey of 800 households in 40 neighborhoods is nearly completed. PASS 2006 is the benchmark for planned long-term social monitoring that will complement ecological monitoring in the CAP LTER study region
Long-term monitoring of surface water in central Arizona-Phoenix: period 1997 to 2008
The main aim of this project is to initiate and develop a field sampling program designed to answer the following questions: (1) What are the concentrations and amounts of key nutrients, salts and trace metals being imported to and exported from the CAP LTER urban areas in surface waters (rivers and canals)? (2) How do these terms change over time in response to increasing urbanization and variations in climate? (3) What are the spatial patterns of accumulation and export, and how do these relate to specific land use patches?
Urban forest classification of the central Arizona-Phoenix area from a Landiscor image, year 1997
The dataset is the result of applying parameters developed for the object-oriented classification of high resolution, true-color aerial photography (Walker and Briggs in press). The source image used is the true-color Landiscor aerial photography (3 m) collected over Phoenix in the spring of 1997.
Land cover classification of central Arizona-Phoenix using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data, year 2005
A fundamental dataset required for ecosystem analysis consists of the major types of land cover present in the study area and their areal percentages. Land cover refers to the physical nature of the surficial materials present in a given area such as water, grass, clay-rich soil, asphalt, or concrete. Land cover classification can be used as input into a variety of ecological models, and land cover maps can be constructed to aid in planning field sampling strategy. The land cover types can also be linked to different land use categories to investigate temporal and spatial changes in the urban ecosystem.
Urban storm runoff study conducted in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: period June 1998
Flood is the other major disturbance on which CAP LTER will focus. In collaboration with the USGS, we have begun a study to examine the transport of materials from urban patches to waterways during the intense, localized storms that characterize this region. Their existing data, plus new studies initiated in summer 1998, will form the basis for comparison of urban, suburban, and desert catchments in terms of their yields of nutrients, organic carbon, and metals.
Soil N2O and NO emissions from an arid, urban ecosystem in central Arizona-Phoenix
Soil nitrogen (N) cycling and fluxes of N2O and NO in three land-use types across the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona has been measured.Urbanization increased N2O emissions compared to native landscapes, primarily due to the expansion of fertilized and irrigated lawns. Fluxes of N2O from lawns ranged from 18 to 80 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1) and were significantly larger than managed xeric landscapes (2.5-22 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1)) and remnant desert sites within the urban core (3.7-14 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1)). In contrast, average NO fluxes from lawns were not significantly different from native desert when dry (6-80 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1); 5-16 mg N m^(-2) h^(-1) desert) and were lower than fluxes from deserts after wetting events. Furthermore, urbanization has significantly altered the temporal dynamics of NO emissions by replacing pulse-driven desert ecosystems with year-round irrigated, managed lawns. Short-term, pulse-driven emissions of NO from wetting of dry desert soils may reach 35% of anthropogenic emissions within a day after summer monsoon storms. If regional O3 production is NOx-limited during the monsoon season, fluxes from warm, recently wet arid soils may contribute to summer O3 episodes. .
Effects of surface mulches on abiotic properties of drip-irrigated xeric landscapes in central Arizona-Phoenix
The primary objective of this project is to study Effects of Surface Mulches on Abiotic Properties of Drip-Irrigated Xeric Landscapes Soil moisture (Li 2003, van Wesemael et al 1996). Vegetative mulches such as green waste compost and pine bark chips also reduce evaporation and increase soil moisture (Brady and Weil 2002, Pickering et al 1998). Mulches increase water infiltration into the soil profile by preventing soil crust formation (Brady and Weil 2002). Mulch improves soil structure, reduces soil erosion and reduces surface compaction by protecting soil aggregates from beating rain and direct solar radiation (Brady and Weil 2002, Borland 1990, Li 2003). Mulch buffers soil temperature extremes (Brady and Weil 2002, Li 2003, Montague et al 1998 and 2000, Pickering et al 1998). .
Mycorrhizae in an experimental urban landscaped site in central Arizona-Phoenix
The primary objective of this project is to study Mycorrhizal relationships at an experimental xeric urban landscaped site . One study quantified the local diversity and spatial patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species. AMF species at 25 points in a 9.2 x 9.2 m regular grid pattern were identified using trap cultures. A total of twelve species were detected, with seven species detected in one plot and eleven in the other. Sampling effort curves and jackknife estimates indicate that a limited number of species was still undetected. No single species was dominant at either plot, and a rank-frequency plot for the site revealed a log-normal species distribution. The number of AMF species was not correlated with proximity to plants. Despite the patchiness of plants in the plots, the number of species detected per point exhibited spatial structuring only at the smallest sampling scale in a single plot, and only a single species in each plot was non-randomly distributed.The results indicate that there is a diverse AMF propagule bank at the site and/or there has been significant in-migration from the surrounding metacommunity. The second study examined the effects of three shoot pruning techniques (shearing every 6 weeks, heading back every 6 months and renewal pruning every year) on root length density, biomass, AMF colonization and soil respiration in two woody shrubs, Nerium oleander (oleander) and Leucophyllum frutescens (Texas sage). Roots were sampled at the base of plants by soil coring to depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm in February, after the shearing and heading back treatments had been imposed, but prior to the first renewal pruning, and in May, after all treatments had been imposed. Shearing stimulated root biomass in Nerium in February, but shearing and renewal pruning reduced biomass compared to unpruned plants in both species in May. Nerium colonization was stimulated by shearing and heading back in February and by shearing and renewal pruning in
Water Use and flooding in central Arizona-Phoenix: comparison of water and carbon dioxide uptake by selected plant species among residential patch transition types, from 1998 to 1999.
Compare the primary productivity (rate of of production of plant material) and uptake of water and carbon dioxide by selected plant species, at sites selected to represent the transition between desert or agriculture and new residential development.
Transect bird survey with data synthesis from multiple transects in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: period 1998 to 2000
Bird surveys are conducted along transect lines located in various locations within the CAP LTER study area, with particular emphasis on golf courses, new and old residential areas, and desert remnants. Birds are being surveyed by both LTER researchers and by local interest groups and individuals (e.g., Maricopa Audubon Society). A new interactive bird population web site is now posted. One can obtain results for bird censuses that have been going on since 1 May 1998. Volunteers in combination with LTER birders have been censusing birds in over 70 transects located throughout the Phoenix metropolitan area. The goals of this project are (1) to document the changes in avian richness and abundance over time and space, and (2) to determine the biotic/abiotic factors and socioeconomic/political factors that cause these changes to occur. We have developed a census protocol and have started conducting bird censuses in four key habitats in the CAP LTER study area.
Scorpion stings in urban environments in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: 1996-1997
Determination of what degree of human modification influences the frequency of scorpion stings by looking at the number of scorpion stings in different zip code areas of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Results from this study may be useful in making recommendations on land development so scorpion stings are minimal.
Land cover classification using Landsat (MSS) data for the Central Arizona-Phoenix area - year 1979
This land cover classification map was created using Landsat MSS data from the year 1979. The map covers the area of the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long Term Ecological Research study.
Land cover classification of the Central Arizona-Phoenix area using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data - year 1985
This land cover classification map was created using Landsat TM data from the year 1985. The map covers the area of the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long Term Ecological Research study.
Land cover classification of the Central Arizona-Phoenix area using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data - year 1991
This land cover classification map was created using Landsat TM data from the year 1991. The map covers the area of the Central Arizona-Phoenix Long Term Ecological Research study.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.