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Fig. 11 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 11. Projections of factor 1 (x-axis) and factor 2 (y-axis) in principal component analysis of A, cranial measurements and B, dental measurements of different diminutive species of Miniopterus from Madagascar, all of which were previously considered to be M. manavi, as well as M. petersoni. Loadings of variables on each axis are shown in table 6.

Fig. 10 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 10. Lateral views of skulls and mandibles of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: (above, from left to right) M. manavi (FMNH 194074) from the Grotte de Fandanana, near Fandriana; M. griveaudi (FMNH 169712) from near the Andrafiabe Cave, Ankarana; holotype of M. aelleni (FMNH 173067), from the Canyon d'Antsiroandoa, Ankarana; (below, left) holotype of M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840), from the Forêt d'Ambovonomby, Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby; and (below, right) holotype of M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197), from near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94488_03d.)

Fig. 8 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 8. Dorsal views of skulls of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: (above, from left to right) M. manavi (FMNH 194074) from the Grotte de Fandanana, near Fandriana; M. griveaudi (FMNH 169712) from near the Andrafiabe Cave, Ankarana; holotype of M. aelleni (FMNH 173067), from the Canyon d'Antsiroandoa, Ankarana; below, left) holotype of M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840), from the Forêt d'Ambovonomby, Parc National de Namoroka; and (below, right) holotype of M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197), from near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94488_01d.)

Fig. 7 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 7. Different views of skull and mandible of the holotype of Miniopterus mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197) collected in the Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, 6.5 km NE Efoetse, near Mitoho Cave: (above, left) dorsal view of cranium; (above, right) ventral view of cranium; and (below) lateral view of cranium and mandible. (Photograph taken by John Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94487_05d.)

Fig. 6 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 6. Photograph of living Miniopterus mahafaliensis captured 6.5 km NE Efoetse, near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa (FMNH 173191), taken at the same locality as the holotype (FMNH 173197). Note the gray grizzled hair to the ventrum. (Photograph by Harald Schütz.)

Fig. 5 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 5. Different views of skull and mandible of the holotype of Miniopterus brachytragos (FMNH 175840) collected in the Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby, 26 km NW Andranomavo: (above, left) dorsal view of cranium; (above, right) ventral view of cranium; and (below) lateral view of cranium and mandible. (Photograph taken by John Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94486_05d.)

Fig. 9 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 9. Ventral views of skulls of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: (above, from left to right) M. manavi (FMNH 194074) from the Grotte de Fandanana, near Fandriana; M. griveaudi (FMNH 169712) from near the Andrafiabe Cave, Ankarana; holotype of M. aelleni (FMNH 173067), from the Canyon d'Antsiroandoa, Ankarana; (below, left) holotype of M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840), from the Forêt d'Ambovonomby, Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby; and (below, right) holotype of M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197), from near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94488_02d.)

Fig. 4 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 4. Right ear and tragus of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: A, M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840, holotype), from Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby, 26 km NW Andranomavo; B, M. brachytragos (FMNH 172685) from the Forêt de Binara, near Analamazava River, 7.5 km SW Daraina (village); C, M. brachytragos (FMNH 202523) from 1.8 km S Ambanizana, Masoala Peninsula; D, M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197, holotype) from Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, 6.5 km NE Efoetse, near Mitoho Cave; E, M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 176101) from Parc National de Kirindy-Mite, near village of Betakilotra, 11 km SE Marofihitsa; F, M. griveaudi (FMNH 184055) from Beloboka, grotte n°1, 12.5 km E Mahajanga, Madagascar; G, M. aelleni (FMNH 175842) from the Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby, 26 km NW Andranomavo. The slightly elongated and pointed distal portion of the tragus in FMNH 175840 (A), as compared to FMNH 172685 and FMNH 202523, maybe an anomalous shape in M. brachytragos.

Fig. 1 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 1. Map of Madagascar showing localities mentioned in the text and sites where specimens of Miniopterus brachytragos sp. nov., M. mahafaliensis sp. nov., M. manavi sensu stricto, M. petersoni, M. griveaudi, and M. aelleni have been collected. The latter two species are also known from the Comoro Archipelago (Goodman et al., 2009b). The species symbols for the sites of Namoroka and Bemaraha have been slightly spread out to avoid obscuring information.

Fig. 2 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic position of different Miniopterus spp. Miniopterus fuliginosus was selected as the outgroup. The tree presented was produced using Bayesian analysis. Posterior probabilities (Bayesian

Fig. 2 in The role of fruit bats in plant community changes in an urban forest in Indonesia

Fig. 2. Total number of fruit bats captured in this study from the UI urban forest. Species are abbreviated as follows: Cbr = C. brachyotis; Cho = C. horsfieldii; Cmi = C. minutus; Csp = C. sphinx; Cti = C. titthaecheilus; Mmi = M. minimus; Mso = M. sobrinus; Ram = R. amplexicaudatus.

Fig. S1 in The role of fruit bats in plant community changes in an urban forest in Indonesia

Fig. S1. Weak correlation between forearm length of fruit bats and the diameter of fruits consumed (Spearman's correlation test, r = 0.15, df = 175, p <0.05).

Fig. 3 in The role of fruit bats in plant community changes in an urban forest in Indonesia

Fig. 3. Association results from vcd between bats and plants. Strength of bat-plant associations are indicated by the height and colour of the bars (Zeileis et al. 2007). The thickness of each bar suggested the number of fruit bats used certain plant species. The length of the bar showed the general diet breath of each fruit bat species. Each of the plant species is represented by a number (1=Filicium decipiens, 2=Nephelium lappaceum, 3=Syzygium sp., 4=Morinda citrifolia, 5=Musa paradisiaca, 6=Pometia pinnata, 7=Cecropia sp., 8=Calliandra sp., 9=Muntingia calabura, 10=Ficus benjamina, 11=Mimusops elengi, 12=Ficus septica, 13=Roystonia regia,14= Acacia mangium,15=Microcos tomentosa, 16=Antidesma sp., 17=Gmelina arborea, 18=Ficus callosa, 19=Syzygium polyanthum, 20=Macaranga sp., 21=Swietenia mahagoni, 22=Ficus hispida, 23= F. racemosa, 24= F. excelsa, 25= F. binnendijkii, 26=Dyospiros sp.). Each of it has a single bar, which depicts the association strength with each of the bat species. The bar graph with darker blue and wider indicates strong association.

Fig. 1 in The role of fruit bats in plant community changes in an urban forest in Indonesia

Fig. 1. Location of the Universitas Indonesia urban forest in South Jakarta, which extends into Depok, Indonesia. Fruit bats connect plant population among green areas in Jakarta and West Java. a) Serengseng Forest; b) Ragunan Zoo Forest; c) Bogor Botanical Garden.

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Fig. 1 in Lowland rainforest bat communities of Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, including new regional records

Fig. 1. Maps showing: A, The location of Buton Island within Southeast Asia and the Sulawesi region; B, a map of Buton Island, with the delimitations of the Island's principal protected areas – the Lambusango Forest Reserve (LFR), the Kakenauwe Forest Reserve (KFR) and Buton Utara Nature Reserve (BUR) shown in shaded polygons.

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Fig. 2 in Lowland rainforest bat communities of Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, including new regional records

Fig. 2. Sample-based rarefaction curves displaying number of bat species detected against number of trapping nights for harp trapping and mist netting surveys on Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi.

Fig. 65 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites

Fig. 65. Evolution of carnivory inferred from our optimization of the carnivory character of Ferrarezi and Gimenez (1996: table 1; see our table 8) on our strict consensus tree from the character congruence analysis. The ''uncertain'' states for Phyllostomus and Tonatia are due to taxonomic polymorphism.

Fig. 64 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites

Fig. 64. Evolution of different types of nectarivory inferred from our optimization of the nectarivory character of Ferrarezi and Gimenez (1996: table 1; see our table 8) on our strict consensus tree from the character congruence analysis. Note that the nectarivory character, as defined by Ferrarezi and Gimenez (1996) includes the consumption of pollen and petals. To prevent an equivocal reconstruction for the base of the clade that includes all phyllostomids except desmodontines, we examined trees in which the position of Brachyphylla was resolved and fixed the node at the base of the clade that includes all phyllostomids except desmodontines with the state that occurred under the two alternative placements for this genus.

Fig. 63 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites

Fig. 63. Evolution of different types of frugivory inferred from our optimization of the frugivory character of Ferrarezi and Gimenez (1996: table 1; see our table 8) on our strict consensus tree from the character congruence analysis. To prevent an equivocal reconstruction for the base of the clade that includes all phyllostomids except desmodontines, we examined trees in which the position of Brachyphylla was resolved and fixed the node at the base of the clade that includes all phyllostomids except desmodontines with the state that occurred under the two alternative placements for this genus.

Fig. 62 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites

Fig. 62. Evolution of different types of insectivory (see text for description of character states) inferred from our optimization of the insectivory character of Ferrarezi and Gimenez (1996: table 1; see our table 8) on our strict consensus tree from the character congruence analysis. We inferred the state at the root with reference to a phylogeny of Microchiroptera (Simmons, 1998). The equivocal optimizations for Phyllostomidae and Vampyrini are due to differences in interpretation of the character under ACCTRAN or DELTRAN. The ''uncertain'' state for Noctilio is due to taxonomic polymorphism (see table 8).