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FIGURE 8. A, B in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 8. A, B, Lophoplax sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), female (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1611), Philippines; C, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), female (13.7 × 10.5 mm) (ZRC 2022.775), Okinawa; D, L. pannosa n. sp., holotype ovigerous female (7.4 × 5.7 mm) (ZRC 2019.1190), Vanuatu. A, female thoracic sternum and pleon; B–D, female sternopleonal cavity and vulvae.

FIGURE 6. A in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 6. A, Lophoplax sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), neotype male (7.8 × 6.3 mm) (RUMF-ZC-8127), Okinawa; B, L. sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), female (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1611), Philippines; C, L. sordida n. sp., holotype male (8.2 × 6.5 mm) (MZB Cru 5449), Lombok; D, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), lectotype male (10.6 × 8.2 mm) (ZRC 2022.696), New Caledonia; E, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), subadult male (5.6 × 4.5 mm) (ZRC 2013.1047), Guam; F, L. pannosa n. sp., holotype ovigerous female (7.4 × 5.7 mm) (ZRC 2019.1190), Vanuatu. A, B, D, E, dorsal view of right cheliped; C, dorsal view of left cheliped (laterally transposed for comparative purposes).

FIGURE 5. A, G in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 5. A, G, Lophoplax sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), neotype male (7.8 × 6.3 mm) (RUMF-ZC-8127), Okinawa; B, H, L. sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), female (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1611), Philippines; C, I, L. sordida n. sp., holotype male (8.2 × 6.5 mm) (MZB Cru 5449), Lombok; D, J, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), lectotype male (10.6 × 8.2 mm) (ZRC 2022.696), New Caledonia; E, K, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), subadult male (5.6 × 4.5 mm) (ZRC 2013.1047), Guam; F, L, L. pannosa n. sp., holotype ovigerous female (7.4 × 5.7 mm) (ZRC 2019.1190), Vanuatu. A–F, frontal view of cephalothorax; G–J, right third maxilliped; K, L, left third maxilliped (laterally transposed for comparative purposes).

FIGURE 7. A, G in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 7. A, G, Lophoplax sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), neotype male (7.8 × 6.3 mm) (RUMF-ZC-8127), Okinawa; B, H, L. sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), female (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1611), Philippines; C, I, L. sordida n. sp., holotype male (8.2 × 6.5 mm) (MZB Cru 5449), Lombok; D, J, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), lectotype male (10.6 × 8.2 mm) (ZRC 2022.696), New Caledonia; E, K, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), subadult male (5.6 × 4.5 mm) (ZRC 2013.1047), Guam; F, L, L. pannosa n. sp., holotype ovigerous female (7.4 × 5.7 mm) (ZRC 2019.1190), Vanuatu. A, B, right chela; C–F, left chela; G–L, right P4.

FIGURE 2. Overall dorsal view. A in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 2. Overall dorsal view. A, Lophoplax sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), neotype male (7.8 × 6.3 mm) (RUMF-ZC-8127), Okinawa; B, L. sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), female (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1611), Philippines; C, L. sordida n. sp., paratype male (6.1 × 4.8 mm) (ZRC 2022.91), Lombok; D, L. sordida n. sp., holotype male (8.2 × 6.5 mm) (MZB Cru 5449), Lombok; E, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), lectotype male (10.6 × 8.2 mm) (ZRC 2022.696), New Caledonia; F, Lophoplax vermiculata, subadult male (5.6 × 4.5 mm) (ZRC 2013.1047), Guam; G, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), female (13.7 × 10.5 mm) (ZRC 2022.775), Okinawa; H, L. pannosa n. sp., holotype ovigerous female (7.4 × 5.7 mm) (ZRC 2019.1190), Vanuatu.

FIGURE 1 in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 1. Colour in life. A, Lophoplax sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), male (10.2 × 8.2 mm) (RUMF-ZC-5207), Okinawa [photograph: T. Maenosono]; B, L. sculpta (Stimpson, 1858), female (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (ZRC 2019.1611), Philippines [photograph: T.-Y. Chan]; C, L. sordida n. sp., paratype male (7.0 × 6.1 mm) (ZRC 2022.718), Lombok [photograph: A. Anker]; D, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), male, New Caledonia (not examined) [photograph: G. Paulay]; E, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), male (14.1 × 10.8 mm) (UF 388), Guam [photograph: G. Paulay]; F, L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), female (13.7 × 10.5 mm) (ZRC 2022.775), Okinawa [photograph: T. Maenosono].

FIGURE 11. L in Review of the pilumnid crab genus Lophoplax Tesch, 1918 from the western Pacific, with descriptions of two new species, and the clarification of the identity of Pseudocryptocoeloma parvus Ward, 1936 (Crustacea: Brachyura)

FIGURE 11. L. vermiculata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), lectotype male (10.6 × 8.2 mm) (ZRC 2022.696), New Caledonia. A, pleon (showing exposed sternites 8 adjacent to somite 3); B, left G1 (ventral view); C, distal part of left G1 (ventral view); D, left G1 (dorsal view); E, left G2. Scales: A = 1.0 mm; B, E = 0.5 mm; C, D = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 9. RaxML maximum likelihood phylogeny based on 28S rRNA partial gene sequences. Bootstrap support indicated above branches, values below 95% were removed. Rectangles highlight subgenera. Asterisks indicate the position of Loxosoma aripes n. comb..

FIGURE 6 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 6. Stalk structure of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Frontal view of the specimen 7 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. B. Abfrontal view of the specimen 8 which was used for histological investigations of the stalk. C–K. A series of oblique-transverse sections of the stalk of the specimen 7 with a step of about 20 mµ starting from level 1, which is marked in Fig. 6a. L–N. Longitudinal sections of the specimen 8 on levels that is marked in Fig. 6b. L.—level 1. M.—level 2. N.—level 3. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—'beak'-like attachment organ, e—embryo, es—esophagus, gl—glandular cell, i—intestine, l—larva, m—muscle, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, stb—stalk base, sw—swelling.

FIGURE 3. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 3. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Latero-abfrontal view (SEM). B. Drawing of specimen 5, abfrontal view. C. Drawing of specimen 6 in lateral, abfrontal and fronto-lateral views. Abbreviations: b—bud, bk—'beak'-like attachment organ, e— embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle.

FIGURE 1 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. from Bergen museum (Museum number 46395). Abbreviations: bk— 'beak'-like attachment organ, e—embryo, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach, st—stalk, t—tentacle.

FIGURE 8 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 8. Embryos and larvae of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A–C. Series of parasagittal sections through the calyx with a larva, three large embryos, and several young embryos. A. The most distal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three large embryos. B. More proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber, three large embryos and one young embryo. C. The most proximal section showing a larva in the brood chamber and three young embryos. D–F. A series of oblique-transverse section of the larva. D. The section on the level of the apical organ and the frontal organ. E. The section on the level of the esophagus. F. The section on the level of the foot. Abbreviations: ap—apical organ, bc—brood chamber, es—esophagus, f—foot, fo—frontal organ, l—larva, pg—pedal gland, pr—prototroch, s—stomach. Embryos are numbered in Arabic numerals.

FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 2. Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A–C. Specimen 1 with two buds and embryos. A. Frontal view. B. Lateral view. C. Abfrontal view. В–F. Specimen 2 with two buds and without embryos. D. Frontal view. E. Lateral view. F. Abfrontal view. G. Frontal view of the specimen 3. H. Abfrontal view of the specimen 4. I. Abfrontal view of the specimen 5. Abbreviations: b—bud, e—embryo, es—esophagus, in—intestine, re—rectum, s—stomach.

FIGURE 5 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 5. Digestive system of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. (light microscopy). A. Oblique-sagittal section of the calyx. B. Transverse section of the calyx on the level of the stomach. C. Transverse section through the intestine. D. Longitudinal section through the rectum. Abbreviations: b—bud, cc—cuboidal cell, es—esophagus, gc—glandular cell, in—intestine, li—liver cell, ll—lateral lobe of stomach, re—rectum, s—stomach, t—tentacle.

FIGURE 4 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 4. Tentacles of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Transverse section of the tentacle (light microscopy). B. Transverse section of the tentacle (TEM). C. Apical part of the frontal cells and latero-frontal cells. D. Apical part of the latero-frontal cell and the lateral cell. E. Apical parts of two lateral cells. Abbreviations: asc—abfrontal cell, ds—desmosoma, fc—frontal cell, fg—frontal groove, k—kinetosoma, lc—lateral cell, lfc—laterofrontal cell, m—muscle, n—nucleus, str—striated roots, t—tentacle, tc—tentacle cavity.

FIGURE 7 in Clarification of the diagnosis of the genus Loxosoma s.l. (Entoprocta; Loxosomatidae) based on morphological and molecular data

FIGURE 7. Buds of Loxosoma aripes n. comb. A. Calyx of the specimen 9 with four buds. B. Calyx of the specimen 10 with seven buds. C. Attachment of the fully developed bud to the calyx of the specimen 10 by the posterior edge of the muscular disc. D. Frontal view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. E. Lateral view of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. F. Drawing of the amputated bud of the specimen 10. Abbreviations: at—atrium, b—bud, g—gonads, pd—pedal disc, s—stomach. Asterisks indicate buds.

Fig. 7 in Identification of anthocyanin and other flavonoids from the green-blue petals of Puya alpestris (Bromeliaceae) and a clarification of their coloration mechanism

Fig. 7. In vitro reconstruction of the petal color using the purified anthocyanin (preternatin C5, 1), flavonol (myricetin 3,3′,5′-tri-O-glucoside, 2), and flavone (luteolin 4′-O-glucoside, 4). The absorption spectra of the mixture of 1 and 2 (1:0, 1:1 and 1:3, A–C), and 1 and 4 (1:0, 1:1 and 1:3, E–G) were measured after being dissolved in three McIlvaine buffers (pH 5.6, 6.2 and 6.8). (D and H) Photographs of the mixed solutions shown in B and F, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Identification of anthocyanin and other flavonoids from the green-blue petals of Puya alpestris (Bromeliaceae) and a clarification of their coloration mechanism

Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of the petals of Puya alpestris. A) Cross-section of the tip (the upper side is the adaxial layer); B) enlarged view of epidermal cells of (A); C) cross-section of the base (the upper side is the adaxial layer); D) epidermal cells in the center part. Length of bar = 100 μm (A, C, and D) and 20 μm (B).

Fig. 6 in Identification of anthocyanin and other flavonoids from the green-blue petals of Puya alpestris (Bromeliaceae) and a clarification of their coloration mechanism

Fig. 6. Spectra and colors of the crude extracts obtained from the petals of Puya alpestris. 5% Formic acid extracts were evaporated and dissolved in two McIlvaine buffer solutions (pH 5.6 and 6.2). UV–vis absorption spectra of the (A) tip and (B) base. (C) UV–vis absorption spectra of the 50% acetone and McIlvaine buffer mixture (pH 6.2) extract of the petal tip. (D) Photographs of the solutions of A and C. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Identification of anthocyanin and other flavonoids from the green-blue petals of Puya alpestris (Bromeliaceae) and a clarification of their coloration mechanism

Fig. 2. (A) The magnitude of the deuterium induced 13C NMR shift observed in myricetin 3,3′,5′-tri-O-glucoside (2) and (B) their corresponding shift values (Δδ) reported in ppm.