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Fig. 9 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 9. Maximum Likelihood tree based on multigene approach with 18S and 28S sequences. Highlighted branches correspond to the Polymerurus Remane, 1927 species sequences. Values on the branches correspond, respectively, to: SH-aLRT support (%) / aBayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support (%).

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Fig. 2 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 2. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov., holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). Full body view. A. Dorsal view. B. Internal view. C. Ventral view. Scale bars = 30 µm.

FIG. 6 in A new cryptic species of Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 from French Guiana (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae)

FIG. 6. — Phylogenetic tree of the genus Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 resolved by Maximum Likelihood based on the combined dataset for three molecular markers (16S, 18S, and H3). RAxML bootstrap supports and Bayesian posterior probabilities are expressed in percentages; a single asterisk (*) indicates different topology of Bayesian tree, and two asterisks (**) indicate the specimens published in GenBank as B. weidneri (New, 1978) (see Matsumura et al. 2020). For species in quotation marks, see materials and methods.

FIG. 5 in A new cryptic species of Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 from French Guiana (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae)

FIG. 5. — Habitat and living specimens of Brazilozoros kukalovae n. sp.: A, rotting logs in type locality, Montagne des Singes (French Guiana: around Kourou); B, molokoï track (French Guiana: around Cacao); C, collecting of Zoraptera in Montagne des Singes (above Marek Jankásek, below Petr Kočárek); D, nymph of B. kukalovae n. sp. with a small unidentified isopod (above) from the family Philosciidae Kinahan, 1857, commonly occurring together with zorapterans in French Guiana; E, apterous female. Photographs: P. Kočárek (A, B, D, E) and I. H. Tuf (C).

FIG. 4. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n in A new cryptic species of Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 from French Guiana (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae)

FIG. 4. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n. sp., dealate female paratype and wings of alate female: A, dorsal view of head and thorax; B, forewing, dorsal view; C, hind wing, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Cu, cubitus vein; CuA, anterior cubitus; ey, compound eye; M, media vein; msn, mesonotum; mtn, metanotum; oc, ocelli; prn, pronotum; R (Rs), radius vein. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 3. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n in A new cryptic species of Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 from French Guiana (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae)

FIG. 3. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n. sp., apterous male paratype (A, B, D) and B. weidneri (New, 1978), apterous male paratype (C, E): A, ventral view of male genitalia of B. kukalovae n. sp.; B, anterior view of sclerites VIa,b of male genitalia in B. kukalovae n. sp.; C, ventral view of male genital of B. weidneri; D, tip of male abdomen in B. kukalovae n. sp., posterior view; E, tip of male abdomen in B. weidneri, posterior view. Abbreviations:ce, cercus; mp, median up-curved projection; sba, anterior group of sensilla basiconica; sbp, posterior group of sensilla basiconica; T, abdominal tergite; I-VI, sclerites of male genitalia. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIG. 1. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n in A new cryptic species of Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 from French Guiana (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae)

FIG. 1. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n. sp., apterous male and female paratypes: A, dorsal view of male; B, head and pronotum of male from dorsal view; C, head and pronotum of male from ventral view; D, right antenna of male; E, right hind leg of male, anterior view; F, right hind leg of female, anterior view. Abbreviations: bI-bX, bristles; cl, clavus; cox, coxa; ecc, ecdysial cleavage; lbp, labial palp; lpp, lateral protuberance of prosternum; mdb, mandibula; mxl, maxilla; mxp, maxillary palp; mtf, metafemur; mtt, metatibia; prn, pronotum; prs, prosternum; ta, tarsus. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B, C, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 2. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n in A new cryptic species of Brazilozoros Kukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 from French Guiana (Zoraptera, Spiralizoridae)

FIG. 2. — Brazilozoros kukalovae n. sp., apterous male and female paratypes: A, posterior segments of male abdomen, dorsal view; B, posterior segments of male abdomen, ventral view; C, posterior segments of female abdomen, ventral view; D, tip of male abdomen, posterior view; E, tip of female abdomen, posterior view; F, male abdomen in lateral view, dark field; G, latero-dorsal view of tip of male abdomen, dark field. Abbreviations: ce, cercus; mp, median up-curved projection; S, abdominal sternite; sba, anterior group of sensilla basiconica; sbp, posterior group of sensilla basiconica; T, abdominal tergite; I-VI, sclerites of male genital. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIG. 8 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 8. — Consensus phylogenetic tree of Ulva L. species inferred from rbcL sequences. Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis were carried out for 47 specimens and one outgroup taxon. The numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and bootstrap (BS) values (> 0.7 and 70%, respectively). The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

FIG. 6 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 6. — Light micrographs of Ulva torta (Mertens) Trevisan G74: A, rectangular cells of thallus including one or very rarely two parietal chloroplasts, with a lobed contour, leaning against the outer wall of the cell; B, detail of part of thallus showing a uniseriate branchlet. Scale bars: 50 μm.

FIG. 3 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 3. — Cultured germlings of Ulva spp. strains from Malta: A, G57; B, G74; C, G124. Scale bars: 2 cm.

FIG. 2 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 2. — Underwater photographs of the algal ecosystems growing at the collection sites: A, sampling location at Ċirkewwa, the small pebbles beneath the 15 mL Falcon tube were sampled. The photo is blurred due to the dense brine from the desalination plant which collects at the seabed; B, the algal community at Dwejra from which samples were taken.

FIG. 7 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 7. — Consensus phylogenetic tree of Ulva L. species inferred from tufA sequences. Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis were carried out for 44 specimens and one outgroup taxon. The numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and bootstrap (BS) values (> 0.7 and 70%, respectively). Asterisks indicate full support (= 1.00 and 100%). The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site.

FIG. 1 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 1. — Map of the study area. Sampling sites are shown as blue circles. Source for BaseMap: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, ©OpenStreet- Map contributors, and the GIS User Community.

FIG. 5 in Ulva L. biodiversity in the central Mediterranean Sea: cryptic species and new records

FIG. 5. — Light micrographs showing the early life cycle stages of Ulva californica Wille G124 in laboratory culture. Scale bars: 20 μm.

FIG. 5 in Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): a cryptic species in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula hitherto assigned to Lithophyllum stictiforme (Areschoug) Hauck

FIG. 5. — Tetra/bisporangial conceptacles of Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov.: A, B, chambers dumbbell-shaped, empty; C, canal pore conical, tapering from the bottom to the roof surface; D, central calcified columella; E, buried conceptacles within the thallus; F, buried conceptacle with inorganic infilling. A, SANT-Algae 7046; B-D, E, holotype SANT-Algae 33667; F, SANT-Algae 15005. Scale bars: A, B, D, 100 µm; C, 50 µm; E, 500 µm; F, 200 µm.

FIG. 3 in Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): a cryptic species in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula hitherto assigned to Lithophyllum stictiforme (Areschoug) Hauck

FIG. 3. — Phylogenetic tree inferred from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference of psbA sequences included in the present study. In bold Lithophyllum species reported for the European coasts. Bootstrap ML values>60% and posterior probabilities>0.60 from Bayesian inference shown for each node. Scale bar: 0.03 substitutions per site.

FIG. 2 in Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): a cryptic species in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula hitherto assigned to Lithophyllum stictiforme (Areschoug) Hauck

FIG. 2. — Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of COI-5P sequences included in the present sudy. In bold Lithophyllum species reported for the European coasts. Bootstrap ML values>60% shown for each node. Scale bar: 0.03 substitutions per site.

FIG. 4 in Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): a cryptic species in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula hitherto assigned to Lithophyllum stictiforme (Areschoug) Hauck

FIG. 4. — Morpho-anatomy of Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov.: A, B, vertical section of the thallus showing a monomerous thallus construction with non-coaxial medulla; C, vertical section of the thallus showing cortical cells disposed in filaments laterally aligned; D, vertical section of the thallus showing a monomerous thallus construction with coaxial medulla, and a tetra/bisporangial uniporate conceptacle empty and buried; E, F, Vertical section of the thallus showing secondary pit-connections between contiguous filaments of cortical cells (arrows) and epithallial cells flattened disposed in 1-2 layers (arrowheads), G, surface view of the thallus showing polygonal epithallial cells; H, I, surface view of two different development stages of tetra/bisporangial uniporate conceptacles showing the pore flush with thallus surface (arrows). A, H, SANT-Algae 11671; B, C, holotype SANT-Algae 33667; D, E, SANT-Algae 26900; F, SANT-Algae 7046; G, SANT-Algae 11683; I, SANT-Algae 15006. Scale bars: A, B, D, 200 µm; C, G-I, 50 µm; E, F, 20 µm.

APPENDIX 2 in Lithophyllum artabricum V.Peña, sp. nov. (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): a cryptic species in the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula hitherto assigned to Lithophyllum stictiforme (Areschoug) Hauck

APPENDIX 2. — Lithophyllum stictiforme (Areschoug) Hauck in Algarve, South Portugal (SANT-Algae 27308): A, habitat of the specimen collected on bedrock at 17 m depth; B, vertical section of the thallus showing a monomerous thallus construction. Scale bar: 500 µm.