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FIGURE 4 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 4. Natural endocranial casts extracted from Nesophontes spp. skulls. (4.1) Nesophontes major hindbrain fragment; (4.2) N. major olfactory lobes; (4.3-4.4) Nesophontes micrus superior (4.3) and left lateral (4.5) views of a partial hindbrain. Cb cerebellum; cs superior colliculi; lal lateral lobe of cerebellum; Ob olfactory lobes; op olfactory peduncle; Pfl paraflocculus; Ts transverse sinus canal; Ts-c confluence of the transverse and sagittal sinuses. A and P stand for anterior and posterior.

FIGURE 3 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 3. Anatomical terminology of Nesophontes endocranial casts. 1, superior and lateral views of Nesophontes major endocranial cast (C181). 2, superior and lateral views of Nesophontes micrus (C145) specimen. 3, single view of partial endocranial cast extracted from an uncataloged N. micrus skull. Abbreviations of anatomical terminology: Cb cerebellum; cs superior colliculi; fan annular or circular fissure; Iar internal auditory region; lal lateral lobe of cerebellum; las lateral transverse sinus; Ncx neocortex; Ob olfactory lobes; otg orbitotemporal groove; Ocx olfactory (=piriform) cortex; Pfl paraflocculus; rhf rhinal fissure; sas sagittal sinus or longitudinal sinus; Sphr sphenorbital region; Sv confluence of the transverse and sagittal sinuses; Vc cerebellar vermis. A and P stand for anterior and posterior.

FIGURE 1 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 1. Natural (1), digital (2), and radiographic images (3) of Nesophontes spp. crania used in this study. 1, these skulls were the source of natural endocasts for Nesophontes micrus (C145) and Nesophontes major (C181) shown in Figures 1 and 2. 2, Digital rendering of N. major skull (C133) from which the digital endocast in Figure 5 was reconstructed. 3, are negative and positive lateral radiographs of Nesophontes spp. endocranial morphology and space.

FIGURE 2 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 2. Natural endocranial casts of Cuban Nesophontes spp. 1, superior, and right lateral view of Nesophontes major (specimen number C181) endocasts. 2-3, superior and right lateral views of Nesophontes micrus endocasts. 2, Nesophontes micrus (C145); 3-4, are not cataloged.

FIGURE 12 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 12. Idealized brain reconstruction of Nesophontes major compared to other insectivoran-mammals, plus the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus. Sorex, Blarina, Condylura, Scalopus, and Rattus specimens were redrawn and modified from specimens in the Comparative Brain Collection at www.brainmuseum.org and Sarko et al. (2009). Erinaceous, Tenrec, and Solenodon were drawn from Stephen and Andy (1982). A and P stand for anterior and posterior. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 2 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 2. Composite stratigraphy of the Lungtan Formation at the Daijiagou and Chuanmu sections, showing lithology, microfacies and fossil horizons. A. Daijiagou section. B. Chuanmu section. Lithology: 1, coarse sandstone; 2, alternating mudstone and sandstone; 3, siltstone; 4, fine sandstone; 5, clay; 6, coal seam; 7, cherty limestone; 8, bioclastic limestone; 9, limestone. Microfacies: 1, low−angle cross bedding; 2, wavy bedding; 3, bimodal cross bedding; 4, brackish water ironstone concretions; 5, black shale; 6, coal seam; 7, sandy mudstone; 8, siltstone; 9, quartz sandstone; 10, alternating siliceous shale and cherty limestone; 11, sparite; 12, grainstone−packstone; 13, roots (coal seats); 14, weathered clay; 15, cherty limestone.

FIGURE 9 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 9. Endocranial morphology of Nesophontes micrus and Nesophontes major calotte showing slight differences in tectum and transverse sinus. Top arrows point to the confluence of the transverse sinus and the colliculi fossae. A and P stand for anterior and posterior.

FIGURE 10 in Endocranial morphology of the extinct Antillean shrew Nesophontes (Lipotyphla: Nesophontidae) from natural and digital endocasts of Cuban taxa

FIGURE 10. Idealized brain reconstruction of Nesophontes spp (1), and Solenodon paradoxus (2) in superior and lateral views. The brain of Nesophontes is a composite reconstruction based on natural and digital casts. Solenodon paradoxus was drawn from photographs of Stephen and Andy (1982:541, figures 20-22). Lines and labels on the lateral views indicate similar morphologic features. Olfactory lobes are in red, neocortex is in blue, and posterior brain (part of midbrain and cerebellum) is in green. Specimens are not to same scale. Abbreviations: Cb cerebellum; cs superior colliculi; Fan annular or circular fissure; Iar internal auditory region; lal lateral lobe of cerebellum; las lateral transverse sinus; Ncx neocortex; Ob olfactory lobes; Och optic chiasm; Ocx olfactory (=piriform) cortex; onf olfactory nerve fiber; otg orbitotemporal groove; Pfl paraflocculus; Pof post-orbital fissure; rhf rhinal fissure; sas sagittal sinus or longitudinal sinus; Sphr sphenorbital region; Sv confluence of the transverse and sagittal sinuses; T tectum; Vc cerebellar vermis. A and P stand for anterior and posterior.

Fig. 4 in A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos

Fig. 4. Diagram showing the ratio of the minimal width of the tibiotarsus shaft to the tibiotarsus total length (without cristae cnemialis and patellaris), for living Leptoptilini and fossil Leptoptilos.

Fig. 1. A in A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos

Fig. 1. A. Leptoptilos falconeri, incomplete left tibiotarsus, KB3−97−161 (Kossom Bougoudi, Chad, ca. 5.0 Ma), comprising part of the distal end and all the shaft; caudal (A1), cranial (A2), and lateral (A3) aspects of the distal part. B. L. falconeri, SAG−VP−1/19 (Sagantole, Ethiopia, 4.4 Ma); B1, part of right tibiotarsus shaft, distal part, cranial aspect; B2 to B7, partial left tarsometatarsus, comprising the distal part and most of the shaft; B2, dorsal aspect, B3, plantar aspect; the deformation of the shaft visible on B2 and B3 is due to diagenetic agents; B4, dorsal aspect of distal part; B5, plantar aspect of distal part; B6, medial aspect of distal part; B7, lateral aspect of distal part. C. L. falconeri, left distal tarsometatarsus, BMNH 39736 (Siwalik Hills of India, 1.8–3.0 Ma), dorsal aspect, from a slightly more lateral point of view compared with B4 and D; after Lydekker (1884). D. L. dubius, FMNH 104387 (Recent), dorsal aspect of the distal part of the left tarsometatarsus. E. cf. L. falconeri, left distal tibiotarsus, URU−VP−1/28 (Urugus, Ethiopia, 4.4 Ma); medial (E1) and cranial (E2) aspects. F. cf. L. falconeri, right distal tibiotarsus, URU−VP−1/15 (Urugus, Ethiopia, 4.4 Ma), lateral aspect. G. L. falconeri, left distal tibiotarsus, OMO−122−76−367 (Omo Shungura, Ethiopia, ca. 2.5 Ma); medial (G1), cranial (G2), and lateral (G3) aspects. H. L. dubius, FMNH 104387 (Recent), left distal tibiotarsus; medial (H1), cranial (H2), and lateral (H3) aspects. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos

Fig. 3. cf. Leptoptilos falconeri, URU−VP−1/45 (Urugus, Ethiopia, 4.4 Ma). A. Left first pedal phalanx of digit III, dorsal aspect. B. Twelveth vertebra, dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) aspects.

Fig. 2. A in A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos

Fig. 2. A. Leptoptilos falconeri, right first pedal phalanx of digit II, F−516−23 (Omo Shungura, Ethiopia, 1.94 Ma); dorsal (A1), lateral (A2), and ventral (A3). B. cf. L. falconeri, proximal half of left carpometacarpus, KT13−96−504 (Koro Toro, Chad, 3.0–3.5 Ma), with part of the proximal end; ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) aspects. C. cf. L. falconeri, distal half of left carpometacarpus, KT13−98−004 (Koro Toro, Chad, 3.0–3.5 Ma), with an almost complete distal end; ventral (C1) and dorsal (C2) aspects. KT13−96−504 and KT13−98−004 almost certainly represent together a single carpometacarpus.

Fig. 5 in A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos

Fig. 5. Diagram showing the ratio of the distal depth of the tibiotarsus to its distal width, for living Leptoptilini and fossil Leptoptilos.

Figures 3–4 in The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figures 3–4. Photographs of holotype (CCHH 1766-1) male of Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum, new genus and species. 3. Left lateral view. 4. Right lateral oblique view.

Figures 1–2 in The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figures 1–2. Photographs of holotype (CCHH 1766-1) male of Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum, new genus and species. 1. Dorsal oblique view. 2. Ventral oblique view.

Figures 7–8 in The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figures 7–8. Photographs of head of holotype (CCHH 1766-1) male of Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum, new genus and species. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Ventral apical oblique view showing mouthparts.

Figures 9–11 in The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figures 9–11. Holotype (CCHH 1766-1) male of Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum, new genus and species. 9. Photograph of dorsal view of mesosoma. 10. Photograph of left lateral view of mesoscutellum and its posterior extension. 11. Illustration of mesosomal dorsum.

Figures 5–6 in The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figures 5–6. Photograph and illustration of head of holotype (CCHH 1766-1) male of Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum, new genus and species. 5. Left oblique view. 6. Illustration of head as preserved.

Figures 12–13 in The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Figures 12–13. Photographs of legs of holotype (CCHH 1766-1) male of Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum, new genus and species. 12. Apex of mesotibia and entire mesotarsus and mesopretarsus. 13. Metafemur, metatibia, metatarsus, and metapretarsus (with portions of left mesotibia and mesotarsus in foreground).