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Figure 11 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 11. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), maxillary crowns. A, right crown in buccal view; B, left crown in buccal view; C, left broken crown dorsal view; D, close-up of Ashowing mammillae on denticles; E, left broken crown in ventral view; F, ventral view of A; G, left crown in ventral view; H, lingual view of Bshowing primary and accessory ridges. Arrow labelled b ¼ buccal primary ridge, unlabelled ¼ lingual ridge. Abbreviations: ar, accessory ridge; d, denticle; da, damaged area; m, mammilla; pr, primary ridge. Scale bars ¼ 5 mm (A, B, C, E, F, H) and 2 mm (D, G).

Figure 19 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 19. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), ilia. A, preacetabular process of right ilium in medial view; B, cross-section of base of A. C–F, left ilium in C, dorsal, D, medial, E, lateral and F, ventral views. G, H, right ilium in G, lateral and H, medial views. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; dms, dorsomedial surface; er, eroded area; ftp, facet for transverse process; gr, groove; ip, ischiadic peduncle; lp, lateral process; poap, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; pr, primary ridge; prap, preacetabular process; sr, secondary ridge. Scale bars ¼ 100 mm.

Figure 9 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 9. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), right (A–E) and left (F, G) dentaries in A, ventral, B, medial, C, lateral, D, posterior, E, dorsal, F, dorsal and G, medial views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; bs, buccal shelf; cp, coronoid process; dc, dentary crown; fo, foramen; gpd, groove for predentary; mc, Meckelian canal; sym, symphysis. Scale bar ¼ 100 mm.

Figure 20 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 20. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), ischium in A, lateral, B, dorsal and C, medial views. Abbreviations: ac, acetabular component; er, eroded areas; gr, lateral groove; ip, iliac peduncle; op, obturator process; pp, pubic peduncle. Scale bar ¼ 100 mm.

Figure 8 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 8. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), predentary in A, dorsal, B, anterior, C, left lateral, D, ventral and E, right lateral views. Abbreviations: d, denticle; fo, foramina; vg, vascular groove; vp, ventral process. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm.

Figure 7 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 7. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), left palpebral in A, ventral, B, medial, C, dorsal and D, lateral views. Abbreviations: apf, articular surface with prefrontal; mp, medial process; rug, rugosity. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm.

Figure 5 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 5. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), left nasal in A, ventromedial (internal surface), B, dorsolateral (external surface), C, ventral, D, dorsal, E, lateral (in life position) and F, anterior views. Abbreviations: adp, anterodorsal process; avp, anteroventral process; bev, bevelled surface; bull, nasal bulla; grdp, groove for dorsal process of the premaxilla; grmp, groove for maxillary process of the premaxilla; na, external naris. Scale bar ¼ 100 mm.

Figure 2 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphical log modified from Allen & Wimbledon (1991). Schematic lithological logs of Wealden exposure between Sudmoor and Atherfield on the Isle of Wight showing sites of Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344) and the Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis holotype (NHMUK PV R5764). Adapted from Sweetman (2007). Abbreviations: Mbr, member; SS, sandstone.

Figure 6 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 6. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344). Left (A, B) and right (C–F) jugals in A, lateral, B, medial, C, medial, D, lateral, E, ventral and F, dorsal views. Abbreviations: bu, buttress; epf, ectopterygoid facet; ls, lacrimal suture; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; mxs, maxillary suture; orb, orbit; os, orbital shelf; pop, postorbital process; qjs, area of suture with the quadratojugal; re, rolled edge. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm.

Figure 3 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 3. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), right dorsal process of premaxilla in A, lateral and B, medial views. C, cross-section at anterior end. Abbreviations: gr, groove for anterodorsal process of nasal; ins, internarial septum; lat, lateral; med, medial; na, external naris. Scale bar ¼ 50 mm.

Figure 4 in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 4. Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. (MIWG 6344), left maxilla in A, lateral, B, dorsal, C, medial and D, ventral views. Abbreviations: adp, anterodorsal process; aod, antorbital depression; ap, ascending process; avp, anteroventral process; eps, ectopterygoid shelf; frag, fragment of bone, probably erroneously placed; jp, jugal process; ms, medial shelf; pmg, premaxillary groove; sf, special foramina. Scale bar ¼ 100 mm.

Figure 1. A in A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England

Figure 1. A, the south coast of England; B, an enlarged view of the Isle of Wight (scale bar ¼ 5 km). Arrow labelled MIWG 6344 marks the locality of the Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov. excavation site.

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The entorhinal cortex modulates trace fear memory formation and neuroplasticity in the lateral amygdala via cholecystokinin

Although the neural circuitry underlying fear memory formation is important in fear-related mental disorders, it is incompletely understood. Here, we utilized trace fear conditioning to study the formation of trace fear memory. We identified the entorhinal cortex (EC) as a critical component of sensory signaling to the amygdala. Moreover, we used the loss of function and rescue experiments to demonstrate that release of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) from the EC is required for trace fear memory formation. We discovered that CCK-positive neurons extend from the EC to the lateral nuclei of the amygdala (LA), and inhibition of CCK-dependent signaling in the EC prevented long-term potentiation of sensory signals to the LA and formation of trace fear memory. Altogether, we suggest a model where sensory stimuli trigger the release of CCK from EC neurons, which potentiates sensory signals to the LA, ultimately influencing neural plasticity and trace fear memory formation.

Formatted inputs for hydrofixr

**Consolidated input data for hydrofixr** (https://github.com/pnnl/hydrofixr) Prepared: 2021-12-21 Contact: sean.turner@pnnl.gov -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **HydroSource_HYC.csv** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description: Locations and key characteristics of U.S. hydropower plants Original data source: ORNL HydroSource "Existing Hydropower Assets" URL: https://hydrosource.ornl.gov/dataset/EHA2021 Cite: Johnson et al., Existing Hydropower Assets, 2021. HydroSource. ORNL. DOI: 10.21951/EHA_FY2021/1782791 Downloaded: 2021-10-13 Procedure: - Select key data columns - Filter for conventional hydro -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **EIA_NetGEN_HYC.csv** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description: Observed, plant-level, monthly hydropower generation (MWh) Period of coverage: 2001 - 2019 Original data source: EIA Form 923 (906/920) URL: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/ Downloaded: 2021-10-13 Procedure: - Filter for EIA IDs listed in HydroSource - Filter for type "HY" / "HYC" (conventional hydro). - Clean and convert to long format. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **USACE_PNW_monthly_mmm.csv** and **USACE_PNW_weekly_mmm.csv** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description: Observed, plant-level, monthly and weekly mean/max/min ("mmm") Period of coverage: 2011 - 2020 Original data source: USACE Data Query URL: https://www.nwd-wc.usace.army.mil/dd/common/dataquery/www/ Downloaded: 2021-10-14 Procedure: - Compute mean, max, and min of hourly generation for months and weeks. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **WM_dev_base_case_cropped_2004_2010/** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description: Output from MOSART-WM simulation; average daily flow rate. Period of coverage: 2004 - 2010 Units: m3/s Spatial resolution: 0.125 grid Temporal resolution: daily. Notes: these MOSART-WM outputs have been filtered and cropped... ...for relevant variables and spatial extent to reduce file size. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- **EIA_plant_capabilitiy.csv** -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Description: Monthly plant capabilities Data source: EIA form 860 (2019) 3_1_Generator file. Approach: - Filter for EIA IDs contained in HydroSource (i.e., hydropower dams). - Summer and winter capabilities assumed to be JJA and DJF, respectively. - Fall and spring capabilities interpolated from summer/winter. - Unit: MW. -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fig. 13 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 13. Palaeogeographical range of Arthropleura body and trace fossils. (a) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (c. 310 Ma; after Torsvik and Cocks 2016). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (b) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 320 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (c) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 310 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (d) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 290 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016).

Fig. 12 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 12. Trace fossil evidence for Arthropleura from the trackway Diplichnites cuithensis, preserved in strata, near contemporaneous in age to the Howick specimen, from adjacent basins in northern Britain (see Fig. 3 for localities). (a) Trackway from which the D. cuithensis holotype was cast (Briggs et al. 1979) in the Serpukhovian Limestone Coal Formation of Laggan, Isle of Arran, Scotland. Stick is 1 m long, inner and outer width of trackway highlighted. (b) D. cuithensis trackway of near-analogous width to the Howick body fossil, Visean Pittenweem Formation, Crail, Fife, Scotland. (c) D. cuithensis trackway>10 m long (arrowed) in the Visean Pittenweem Formation, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland (see Whyte 2018). Geologist is 1.8 m tall. (d, e) Photograph and interpreted sketch of context of D. cuithensis on a true substrate (Davies and Shillito 2018, 2021) recording the passage of two animals between emergent and subaqueous substrates. Convex bedform, colonized with plants, provided small island surrounded by shallow water puddles in a delta-top setting. Trackways are well-defined on emergent substrate and less so on subaqueous parts of substrate. Visean Anstruther Formation, 3.5 km NW of Kingsbarns, Fife, Scotland. Measuring stick 60 cm long.

Fig. 10 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 10. Details of (a, b) slab Aand (c, d) slab Bwith interpreted sketches of margins showing offset of three-dimensional sand infill from carbonaceous smear. Same tergites on each slab are colour-coded (with reference to prominent tergite shown in white). Cuticular interior shown as full circles with correspondingly shaped carbonaceous smear shown as colour-coded partial circles, indicating consistent 40 cm squeezed offset of infill from cuticle in direction of red bidirectional arrow, associated with synsedimentary deformation. Scale bars 20 cm.

Fig. 9 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 9. Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (a, b) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm. (c, d) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior.

Fig. 7 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram showing taphonomic context and relationship between key attributes of the specimen.

Fig. 6 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 6. Ichnological and palaeobotanical features associated with the Arthropleura fossil. (a) Trackway of an anthracosaur tetrapod (Baropezia) (individual footprints arrowed). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (b) Detail of Baropezia footprint (Ba) adjacent to Stigmaria root (black arrow). For details of vertebrate tracks prior to recent erosional degradation, see Scarboro and Tucker (1995). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (c) Thinly bedded wave-rippled facies immediately below fossil horizon showing horizontal invertebrate burrows Planolites (Pl) and Archaeonassa (Ar). Located at 10.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (d) Tightly curved invertebrate burrow identified as Taenidium on basis of meniscate fill and absence of lining. Fallen block of same lithology adjacent to fossil-bearing block. Scale bar 10 cm. (e) Ripplelaminated sandstone beds colonized with coalified, downwards-branching plant rootlets. Located at 9.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (f) Plant remains in same bed as Arthropleura fossil, including fragment of branch or bark belonging to Lepidodendron sensu lato (black arrow) and thin axis that acutely bifurcates distally, possibly the proximal part of a medullosalean pteridosperm frond (white arrow). Located at 10.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (g) Seed fossils, possibly Samaropsis, as produced by cordaitaleans. Note seeds occur immediately adjacent to the Arthropleura remains in the part, seen at top left of image. Located at 10.2 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 5 cm. (h) Stigmaria on stratigraphic top of fallen block hosting the Arthropleura remains. Preserved fraction of main rhizomorph axis extends between white arrows and shows ornamentation in boxed area. Adjacent part of bedding plane contains traces of rootlets (r) branching from the main rhizomorph. Located at 9.8 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d Scale bar 1 m.