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Figure 4 in Geographic distribution patterns of galling insects in a protected area of Atlantic forest (southeast, Brazil)
Figure 4. The fit of the count part of the "hurdle" model to the relationship between galling species richness and plant genus species richness.
Figure 2 in Geographic distribution patterns of galling insects in a protected area of Atlantic forest (southeast, Brazil)
Figure 2. Boxplots with jittered illustrating the galling species richness between year season, with jitered raw values strung vertical corresponding to plots (a, b, c), numbers the plots (N) and sites (n), and mean ± SD bars.
Figure 3 in Geographic distribution patterns of galling insects in a protected area of Atlantic forest (southeast, Brazil)
Figure 3. The fit of the count part of the ZIP model to the relationship between galling species richness and plant family species richness.
Concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins and the number of galls combined in each sample
<p>Gall-forming insects induce various types of galls on their host plants by altering gene expression in host plant organs, and recent studies have been conducted for gene expression in galls. However, the evolutionary trajectories of gene expression patterns and the resulting phenotypes have not yet been studied using multiple related species. We investigated the speciation and the diversification process of galls induced by four closely-related aphid species (Hormaphidini) on a host plant species (<em>Hamamelis japonica</em>) by examining the phylogenetic congruence between the geographic divergences of aphids and the host plant, and by comparing their gene expression patterns and resulting phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of aphids and the host plant showed that geographic isolation among host plant populations has interrupted gene flow in aphids and accelerated the speciation process. The concentration of phenolics and the complexity of the internal structure of galls were correlated with the expression levels of genes for the biosynthesis of phenolics and morphogenesis, respectively. These results suggest that the expression levels of genes for the biosynthesis of phenolics and morphogenesis have evolutionarily increased in galls accelerated by the speciation process of aphids due to the distribution change of the host plant, leading to the related phenotypic evolution. Our study showed the evolutionary process of phenotypic traits in galls in the wild from both gene expression and actual phenotype levels.</p>
Fig. 1 in Host specificity studies on Gynaikothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) associated with leaf galls of cultivated Ficus (Rosales: Moraceae) trees
Fig. 1. Pronotal posteroangular setae showing variation in length.
Fig. 2. Four Ficus benjamina plants inside a in Host specificity studies on Gynaikothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) associated with leaf galls of cultivated Ficus (Rosales: Moraceae) trees
Fig. 2. Four Ficus benjamina plants inside a collapsible cage.
Fig. 2 in New species diversity revealed from molecular and morphological characterization of gall-inducing Calophya spp. (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) from Brazilian peppertree
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of Calophya spp. collected in Brazil.
Fig. 9 in Choleoeimeria bunopusi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Infecting the Gall Bladder of the Tuberculated Gecko Bunopus tuberculatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Saudi Arabia
Fig. 9. Composite line drawing of sporulated oocyst. Scale bar: 10 µm.
Fig. 4 in Potential Global Range Expansion Of A New Invasive Species, The Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus Erythrinae Kim (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Fig. 4. Potential expansion areas of erythrina gall wasp in Hawaii.
Fig. 5 in Potential Global Range Expansion Of A New Invasive Species, The Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus Erythrinae Kim (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Fig. 5. Potential expansion areas of erythrina gall wasp in Taiwan.
Fig. 2 in Potential Global Range Expansion Of A New Invasive Species, The Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus Erythrinae Kim (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Fig. 2. Potential expansion areas of erythrina gall wasp in Asia and Australia.
Figures 17-32 in Two new Indian gall midges of the genus Contarinia Rondani (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) reared from Amaranthaceae & Poaceae
Figures 17-32. Contarinia dichanthiumae sp. nov. (17-24 male; 25-32 female)
Figures 1-16 in Two new Indian gall midges of the genus Contarinia Rondani (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) reared from Amaranthaceae & Poaceae
Figures 1-16. Contarinia asperae sp. nov. (1-8 male; 9-16 female)
Fig. 6 in Three new species of herb gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) from Turkey
Fig. 6. Phanacis ciceki sp. nov., mature gall on host plant Picris sp. (photos by Y. Katılmış).
Fig. 3 in Three new species of herb gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) from Turkey
Fig. 3. Galls of Aulacidea turguti sp. nov. on host plant (photos by M. Azmaz).
Figure 3 in First record of Resseliella salvadorae (Rao) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid from stem and leaf galls of Salvadora persica L. Sudan
Figure 3. Parasitoid wasp. © Moawia Mohamed
Image 1 in First record of Resseliella salvadorae (Rao) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid from stem and leaf galls of Salvadora persica L. Sudan
Image 1. Leaf gall and cecidomyiid larvae. © Moawia Mohamed
Figure 2 in Characterization of insect galls from a vegetation area in Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil
Figure 2. Gall morphotypes in host plants from Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil, (A) Leaf gall of Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae); (B) Bud leaf convolute in a complex gall of Moquiniastrum pulchrum (Asteraceae); (C) Leaf gall of Moquiniastrum pulchrum (Asteraceae); (D) Leaf gall of Amphilophium elongatum (Bignoniaceae), arrow on gall; (E) Leaf gall of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae), galls in higher magnification in the upper right corner; (F) Leaf gall of Couepia grandiflora (Chrysobalanaceae), arrow on gall; (G) Cylindrical leaf gall with star trichomes of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae), galls in higher magnification in the upper right corner; (H) Exuvia of Cecidomyiidae emerging from previous gall; (I) Adaxial surface of lenticular leaf gall of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae), galls in abaxial surface in the upper right corner; (J) Hollow globoid leaf gall with long trichomes of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae), gall opened, with a larva in higher magnification in the upper right corner; (K) Filled globoid leaf gall of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae); gall opened, with fungus associated in higher magnification in the upper right corner; (L) Leaf vein gall of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae), exuvia leaving the gall in the upper left corner. (Pictures: Urso-Guimarães, M.V.).
Figure 3 in Characterization of insect galls from a vegetation area in Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil
Figure 3. Gall morphotypes in host plants from Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil. (A) Globoid and fusiform stem galls of Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae), arrow on both galls; (B) Immature leaf gall of Bauhinia holophylla (Fabaceae), arrow on gall; (C) Mature leaf gall of Bauhinia holophylla (Fabaceae), arrow on gall; (D) Stem gall of Bauhinia holophylla (Fabaceae); (E) Convex leaf gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (F) Globoid glabrous leaf gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (G) Globoid leaf gall with red and orange trichomes of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (H) Lenticular leaf gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (I) Triangular leaf gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (J) Globoid red leaf gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (K) Cylindrical leaf gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae); (L) Globoid stem gall of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae). (Pictures: Urso-Guimarães, M.V.).
Figure 4 in Characterization of insect galls from a vegetation area in Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil
Figure 4. Gall morphotypes in host plants from Altinópolis, São Paulo State, Brazil. (A) Leaf gall of Nectandra sp. (Lauraceae); (B) Leaf gall Ocotea sp. (Lauraceae); (C) Cylindrical and lenticular hairy leaf galls of Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae); (D) Lenticular leaf gall of Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae); (E) Bud leaf gall of Diplopterys pubipetala (Malpighiaceae); (F) Leaf gall of Miconia stenostachya (Melastomataceae); (G) Leaf hairy gall of Tibouchina sp. (Melastomataceae); (H) Leaf gall of Guarea guidonea (Meliaceae); (I) Leaf gall of Myrcia bella (Myrtaceae); (J) Leaf gall of Eugenia punicifolia (Myrtaceae), arrow on gall; (K) Leaf gall of Eugenia speciosa (Myrtaceae), arrow on gall; (L) Leaf gall of Myrtaceae sp., arrow on gall; (M) Leaf gall of Serjania reticulata (Sapindaceae); (N) Leaf gall of Smilax oblongifolia (Smilacaceae). (Pictures: Urso-Guimarães, M.V.).
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