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1,636 results for “marine species”
Data from: Consistent size-independent harvest selection on fish body shape in two recreationally exploited marine species
Harvesting wild animals may exert size-independent selection pressures on a range of morphological, life history, and behavioral traits. Most work so far has focused on selection pressures on life history traits and body size as morphological trait. We studied here how recreational fishing selects for morphological traits related to body shape, which may correlate with underlying swimming behavior. Using landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we found consistent recreational fishing-induced selection pressures on body shape in two recreationally exploited marine fish species. We show that individuals with larger-sized mouths and more streamlined and elongated bodies were more vulnerable to passively operated hook-and-line fishing independent of the individual's body size or condition. While the greater vulnerability of individuals with larger mouth gapes can be explained by the direct physical interaction with hooks, selection against streamlined and elongated individuals could either involve a specific foraging mode or relate to underlying elevated swimming behavior. Harvesting using passive gear is common around the globe, and thus, size-independent selection on body shape is expected to be widespread potentially leaving behind individuals with smaller oral gapes and more compact bodies. This might have repercussions for food webs by altering foraging and predation.
Data from: Using fuzzy logic to determine the vulnerability of marine species to climate change
Marine species are being impacted by climate change and ocean acidification, although their level of vulnerability varies due to differences in species' sensitivity, adaptive capacity and exposure to climate hazards. Due to limited data on the biological and ecological attributes of many marine species, as well as inherent uncertainties in the assessment process, climate change vulnerability assessments in the marine environment frequently focus on a limited number of taxa or geographic ranges. As climate change is already impacting marine biodiversity and fisheries, there is an urgent need to expand vulnerability assessment to cover a large number of species and areas. Here, we develop a modelling approach to synthesize data on species-specific estimates of exposure, and ecological and biological traits to undertake an assessment of vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity) and risk of impacts (combining exposure to hazards and vulnerability) of climate change (including ocean acidification) for global marine fishes and invertebrates. We use a fuzzy logic approach to accommodate the variability in data availability and uncertainties associated with inferring vulnerability levels from climate projections and species' traits. Applying the approach to estimate the relative vulnerability and risk of impacts of climate change in 1074 exploited marine species globally, we estimated their index of vulnerability and risk of impacts to be on average 52 ± 19 SD and 66 ± 11 SD, scaling from 1 to 100, with 100 being the most vulnerable and highest risk, respectively, under the 'business-as-usual' greenhouse gas emission scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). We identified 157 species to be highly vulnerable while 294 species are identified as being at high risk of impacts. Species that are most vulnerable tend to be large-bodied endemic species. This study suggests that the fuzzy logic framework can help estimate climate vulnerabilities and risks of exploited marine species using publicly and readily available information.
Data from: Population differentiation or species formation across the Indian and the Pacific Oceans? An example from the brooding marine hydrozoan Macrorhynchia phoenicea
Assessing population connectivity is necessary to construct effective marine protected areas. This connectivity depends, among other parameters, inherently on species dispersal capacities. Isolation by distance (IBD) is one of the main modes of differentiation in marine species, above all in species presenting low dispersal abilities. This study reports the genetic structuring in the tropical hydrozoan Macrorhynchia phoenicea α (sensu Postaire et al., 2016a), a brooding species, from 30 sampling sites in the Western Indian Ocean and the Tropical Southwestern Pacific, using 15 microsatellite loci. At the local scale, genet dispersal relied on asexual propagation at short distance, which was not found at larger scales. Considering one representative per clone, significant positive FIS values (from −0.327*** to 0.411***) were found within almost all sites. Gene flow was extremely low at all spatial scales, among sites within islands (<10 km distance) and among islands (100 to >11,000 km distance), with significant pairwise FST values (from 0.035*** to 0.645***). A general pattern of IBD was found at the Indo-Pacific scale, but also within ecoregions in the Western Indian Ocean province. Clustering and network analyses identified each island as a potential independent population, while analysis of molecular variance indicated that population genetic differentiation was significant at small (within island) and intermediate (among islands within province) spatial scales. As shown by this species, a brooding life cycle might be corollary of the high population differentiation found in some coastal marine species, thwarting regular dispersal at distances more than a few kilometers and probably leading to high cryptic diversity, each island housing independent evolutionary lineages.
Data from: Postglacial range expansion shaped the spatial genetic structure in a marine habitat-forming species: implications for conservation plans in the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Aim: Understanding how historical and contemporary processes shaped and maintain spatial patterns of genetic diversity is a major goal for conservation biologists. Here, we characterized the pattern of neutral genetic diversity and we inferred underlying processes in the habitat-forming octocoral Paramuricea clavata in the Adriatic Sea, a peculiar phylogeographic region of the Mediterranean Sea. Location: Eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. Methods: We genotyped seven microsatellites in 454 individuals of P. clavata from 13 populations recolonized after the last glacial maximum (LGM). We estimated the levels of contemporary connectivity and genetic drift and we reconstructed the demographic history of these populations. Results: The pattern of spatial genetic structure resulted from the combination of hierarchical genetic clusters and isolation by distance (IBD). A significant decrease in genetic diversity and an increase of the frequencies of individual alleles likely due to allele surfing from the south to the north of the area were observed as expected after a postglacial sequential recolonization. Based on maximum likelihood analyses, the foundation of these populations was not linked to dramatic change in population size. Main conclusion: Oceanographic barriers to gene flow combined to the restricted dispersal of P. clavata likely maintain the hierarchical structure and the IBD pattern. We suggest that the latitudinal genetic gradient results from a northward 'serial founder events' recolonization. By integrating patterns and processes, we bridge the gap between the evolutionary and the conservation biology of P. clavata, providing management guidelines, which will benefit the associated coralligenous biodiversity.
Data from: Exploring potential establishment of marine rafting species after transoceanic long-distance dispersal
Aim On March 11, 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake triggered a massive tsunami that resulted in the largest known rafting event in recorded history. By spring 2012, marine debris began washing ashore along the Pacific Coast of the U.S. and Canada with a wide-range of Asian coastal species attached. We used this unique dataset, where the source region, date of dislodgment, and landing location are known, to assess the potential for species invasions by transoceanic rafting on marine debris. Location Northeast Pacific from 20 to 60°N Time period Current Major taxa studied Forty-eight invertebrate and algal species recorded on Japanese tsunami marine debris. Methods We developed Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) species distribution models for 48 species recorded on Japanese tsunami marine debris to predict establishment potential along the Pacific Coast from 20-60°N. Models were compared within the context of historical marine introductions from Japan to this region to validate the emergence of marine debris as a novel vector for species transfer. Results Overall, 27% (13 species) landed with debris at locations with suitable environmental conditions for establishment and survival, indicating that these species may be able to establish new populations or introduce greater genetic diversity to already established non-native populations. A further 22 species have environmental match in areas where tsunami debris likely landed, but was not extensively sampled. Nearly 100 Japanese marine species previously invaded the northeastern Pacific, demonstrating this region's environmental suitability for rafting Japanese biota. Historical invasions from Asia are highest in California and largely known from bays and harbors. Main conclusions Marine debris is a novel and growing vector for non-native species introduction. By utilizing a unique dataset of Japanese tsunami marine debris species, our predictive models show capacity for new transoceanic invasions and can focus monitoring priorities to detect successful long-distance dispersal across the world's oceans.
Data from: Can ecosystem functioning be maintained despite climate-driven shifts in species composition? Insights from novel marine forests
1. Climate change is driving a redistribution of species and reconfiguration of ecological communities at a global scale. Persistent warming in many regions has caused species to extend their geographical ranges into new habitats, with thermally-tolerant species often becoming competitively dominant over species with colder affinities. Although these climate-driven changes in species abundance and diversity are well documented, their ecosystem-level implications are poorly understood, and resolving whether reconfigured communities can maintain fundamental ecosystem functions represents a pressing challenge in an increasingly warmer world. 2. Here, we investigated how climate-driven substitutions of foundation species influence processes associated with carbon and nutrient cycling (biomass production, detritus flow, herbivory, decomposition) by comparing two habitat-forming kelp species with contrasting thermal affinities. We examined the wider consequences of the observed (and predicted) emergence of novel marine forests in the NE Atlantic, which are expected to become more dominated by range-expanding, warm-temperate kelps. 3. Warm-temperate kelps both accumulated and released 80% more biomass than the cold-temperate species despite being taxonomically closely-related and morphologically similar. Furthermore, the warm-temperate species accumulated biomass and released detritus year-round, whereas the cold-temperate species did so during short, discrete periods. The warm-temperate kelps supported higher densities of invertebrate grazers and were a preferred food source. Finally, their detritus decomposed 6.5 times faster, despite supporting comparable numbers of detritivores. Overall, our results indicate an important shift in the cycling of organic matter in kelp forests along parts of the NE Atlantic coastline following climate-driven expansion of a warm-affinity kelp, with novel forests supplying large amounts of temporally-continuous—yet highly labile—organic matter. 4. Synthesis. Collectively, our results show that, like species invasions, climate-driven range expansions and consequent shifts in the identity of dominant species can modify a wide range of important ecosystem processes. However, alterations in overall ecosystem functioning may be relatively limited where foundation species share similar ecological and functional traits.
Data from: The origin and evolution of coral species richness in a marine biodiversity hotspot
The Coral Triangle region of the Indo-Pacific realm harbors an extraordinary number of species, with richness decreasing away from this biodiversity hotspot. Despite multiple competing hypotheses, the dynamics underlying this regional diversity pattern remain poorly understood. Here we use a time-calibrated evolutionary tree of living reef coral species, their current geographic ranges, and model-based estimates of regional rates of speciation, extinction, and geographic range shifts to show that origination rates within the Coral Triangle are lower than in surrounding regions, a result inconsistent with the long-standing center of origin hypothesis. Furthermore, endemism of coral species in the Coral Triangle is low, and the Coral Triangle endemics are older than relatives found outside this region. Overall, our model results suggest that the high diversity of reef corals in the Coral Triangle is largely due to range expansions into this region of species that evolved elsewhere. These findings strongly support the notion that geographic range shifts play a critical role in generating species diversity gradients. They also show that preserving the processes that gave rise to the striking diversity of corals in the Coral Triangle requires protecting not just reefs within the hotspot, but also those in the surrounding areas.
Data from: A synthesis of diets and trophic overlap of marine species in the California current
A key step toward ecosystem-based management is to better understand how interactions within food webs affect species of commercial and conservation importance. Here we provide comprehensive diet information and food web analysis for major taxa within the California Current ecosystem, including fish, marine mammals, birds, and invertebrates. We synthesized 75 published diet studies from this ecosystem and calculated representative diets for each species or aggregated functional group. We assessed diet relatedness using hierarchical cluster analysis and calculated diet overlaps based on percent similarity index (PSI). Both analyses were performed on functional group data and also separately for each vertebrate species. Cluster analysis identified distinct feeding guilds and revealed both intuitive and novel diet similarities between several species and functional groups. One intuitive example is that functional groups preying on euphausiids, a key forage species in the California Current, show a high amount of overlap. A novel example is the significant diet overlap of shallow small rockfish and baleen whales (e.g., grey whales [Eschrichtius robustus]), both of which consume large amounts of benthic invertebrates. Functional groups were highly significant in explaining the PSI differences between species, which suggests that key ecological interactions will be preserved in ecosystem models that use these functional groups. A visual representation of the complete food web and calculation of food web statistics suggest that there are strong similarities between the food webs of the California Current and the Benguela Current, a similar upwelling-driven eastern boundary current off the southwest coast of Africa.
Data from: Proteomic evidence of a paedomorphic evolutionary process within a marine snail species: a strategy for adapting to extreme ecological conditions?
The exposed and sheltered ecotypes of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis from European rocky shores are considered a key model system to study adaptation and ecological speciation. Previous studies showed that two ecotypes (RB and SU) of this species in NW Spain have differently adapted to different shore levels and microhabitats. In order to understand how this divergent adaptive process has been accomplished, we followed a quantitative proteomic approach to investigate the proteome variation in a number of different biological factors, i.e. ecotype, ontogeny and their interactions. This approach allowed testing the hypothesis that one of the ecotypes has evolved by paedomorphosis, and also whether or not the molecular mechanisms related to ecotype differentiation are set up in early developmental stages. Additionally the identification of some candidate proteins by mass spectrometry provides some functional insights about these evolutionary processes. Results from this study provided evidence of higher ontogenetic differentiation at proteome level in the RB (metamorphic) than in SU (paedomorphic) ecotype that point to the possibility of juvenile stage retention in this latter ecotype. The level of protein expression (proteome) differences between ecotypes maintained nearly constant from late embryonic stages to adulthood, although some proteins involved in these changes considerably differed in embryonic compared to other ontogenetic stages. Paedomorphosis may be the evolutionary response of the SU ecotype of solving the trade-off during sexually immaturity that is caused by the evolution of small size arising from adaptation to the wave exposed habitat. Some potential candidate genes of adaptation related to energetic metabolism have been identified, providing a promising baseline for future functional analyses.
Data from: Fine-scale population dynamics in a marine fish species inferred from dynamic state-space models
Identifying the spatial scale of population structuring is critical for the conservation of natural populations and for drawing accurate ecological inferences. However, population studies often use spatially aggregated data to draw inferences about population trends and drivers, potentially masking ecologically relevant population sub-structure and dynamics. The goals of this study were to investigate how population dynamics models with and without spatial structure affect inferences on population trends and the identification of intrinsic drivers of population dynamics (e.g. density dependence). Specifically, we developed dynamic, age-structured, state-space models to test different hypotheses regarding the spatial structure of a population complex of coastal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Data were from a 93-year survey of juvenile (age 0 and 1) cod sampled along >200 km of the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. We compared two models: one which assumes all sampled cod belong to one larger population, and a second which assumes that each fjord contains a unique population with locally determined dynamics. Using the best supported model, we then reconstructed the historical spatial and temporal dynamics of Skagerrak coastal cod. Cross-validation showed that the spatially structured model with local dynamics had better predictive ability. Furthermore, posterior predictive checks showed that a model which assumes one homogeneous population failed to capture the spatial correlation pattern present in the survey data. The spatially structured model indicated that population trends differed markedly among fjords, as did estimates of population parameters including density-dependent survival. Recent biomass was estimated to be at a near-record low all along the coast, but the finer scale model indicated that the decline occurred at different times in different regions. Warm temperatures were associated with poor recruitment, but local changes in habitat and fishing pressure may have played a role in driving local dynamics. More generally, we demonstrated how state-space models can be used to test evidence for population spatial structure based on survey time-series data. Our study shows the importance of considering spatially structured dynamics, as the inferences from such an approach can lead to a different ecological understanding of the drivers of population declines, and fundamentally different management actions to restore populations.
FIGURE 1 in On a new marine podocopid genus and species (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) from Brazil
FIGURE 1. Map of the study area and its regional zonation (modified from Muehe & Garcez 2005 and Luz & Coimbra 2015). Each dot represents a sample. Symbols: * Tamandaré Bay (Pernambuco State); + Sepetiba Bay (Rio de Janeiro State).
FIGURE 2 in On a new marine podocopid genus and species (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) from Brazil
FIGURE 2. Pattern of central muscle scars of Bulbocythere calida gen. et sp. nov. compared with two similar hemicytherids (Echinocythereis jorunbrix Brandão & Karanovic, 2015 and Ruggiericythere purperae Aiello et al., 2004).
FIGURE 6 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 6. Amphimonhystera molloyensis sp. n., paratype male 2. (A) entire; (B) esophageal region; (C) cephalic end; (D) tail region; (E) spicule. Scale bars: (A) 100 µ m; (B) & (D) 50 µm; (C) & (E) 10 µ m.
FIGURE 4 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 4. Amphimonhystera molloyensis sp. n., details. (A) male 1 (holotype), cephalic end; (B) female 1 (paratype), cephalic end; (C) female 1 (paratype), tail tip; (D) male 1 (holotype), copulatory apparatus; (E) female 2 (paratype), posterior uterus, vagina and vulvar glands. Scale bars: (A)–(E) 10 µ m.
FIGURE 3 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 3. Amphimonhystera marisalbi sp. n. (A) male 2 (paratype), entire; (B) female 1 (paratype), entire; (C) male 1 (holotype), cephalic end; (D) female 1 (paratype), cephalic end; (E) male 2 (paratype), posterior body; (F) male 1 (holotype), spicules; (G) male 2 (paratype), spicules; (H) female 1 (paratype), tail tip. Scale bars: (A) & (B) 100 µ m; (C)–(H) 10 µ m.
FIGURE 2. Amphimonhystera galea Fadeeva, 1984 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 2. Amphimonhystera galea Fadeeva, 1984. (A) male 1, cephalic end; (B) male 1, entire; (C) male 1, tail region; (D) and (E) spicules of males 1 and 2. Scale bars: (A) 100 µ m; (B) 10 µ m; (C) 20 µm; (D) & (E) 10 µ m.
FIGURE 1 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 1. Pictorial key to Amphimonhystera species: A A. anechma; B A. circula; C A. molloyensis; D A. galea; E A. marisalbi; F A. pallida. Male, anterior and posterior body region.
FIGURE 7 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 7. Amphimonhystera pallida. (A) male 1 (holotype), entire; (B) male 1 (holotype), esophageal region; (C) male 1 (holotype), cephalic end; (D) male 2 (paratype), tail; (E) male 1 (holotype), spicule; (F) female 1 (paratype), entire; (G) female 1 (paratype), anterior end. Scale bars: (A), (B), (D) & (F) 100 µ m; (C), (E) & (G) 10 µ m.
FIGURE 5 in A review of the enus Amphimonhystera Allgén, 1929 (Monhysterida: Xyalidae, Marine Freeliving Nematodes) with description of three new species
FIGURE 5. Amphimonhystera molloyensis sp. n., further details. (A) male 1 (holotype), entire; (B) female 2 (paratype), entire; (C) male 1 (holotype), posterior body region; (D) female 2 (paratype), genital branch. Scale bars: (A), (B), (D) 100 µ m; (C) 50 µ m.
FIGURE 5 in Cyclacanthia n. g. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Latrunculiidae incertea sedis), a new genus of marine sponges from South African waters, and description of two new species
FIGURE 5. Skeletal architecture showing massive choanosomal tracts and tangential ectosome, and irregular palisade of microscleres: A–B. C. cloverlyae sp. nov. [SAMH 5080]; C–D. C. mzimayiensis sp. nov. [SAMH 5082]; E–F. C. mzimayiensis sp. nov. [SAM H5081];
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.