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3,937 results for “number”
Data from: Effects of female group size on the number of males in blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) groups
<p>The number of males per group varies substantially in group-living primates, both between and within species. In blue monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus mitis</i>), males may temporarily join groups during annual mating seasons when sexually receptive females are present. A likely determinant of the number of males per group is female group size (the number of adult females in a group). To clarify the role of female group size in driving variation in the number of males per group, we expanded on earlier observations of a wild population in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya with a larger sample of groups that varied five-fold in female group size. We found considerable flexibility in social organization, with groups experiencing multi-male episodes both during and outside mating seasons, some persisting over multi-year periods. The dichotomy between single- and multi-male mating seasons was less distinct than previously reported, suggesting greater variation in multi-male states. Across 65 group-specific conception periods, female group size strongly influenced how often multiple sexually active females and multiple males were present in a group. The number of sexually active females present on a given day related closely to the number of males in the group that same day, especially during conception periods. Results suggest that males join and remain in larger groups where mating opportunities are greater and costs of joining or staying may be lower than in smaller groups. This longitudinal study highlights intraspecific social variation within and across groups while confirming that female group size influences the number of males.</p>
Strength in numbers? Cytotype frequency mediates effect of reproductive barriers in mixed-ploidy arrays.
When differentiated lineages come into contact, their fates depend on demographic and reproductive factors. These factors have been well-studied in taxa of the same ploidy, but less is known about sympatric lineages that differ in ploidy, particularly with respect to demographic factors. We assessed prezygotic, postzygotic, and total reproductive isolation in naturally-pollinated arrays of diploid-tetraploid and tetraploid-hexaploid population mixes of Campanula rotundifolia by measuring pollinator transitions, seed yield, germination rate, and proportion of hybrid offspring. Four frequencies of each cytotype were tested, and pollinators consistently overvisited rare cytotypes. Seed yield and F1 hybrid production were greater in 4X-6X arrays than 2X-4X arrays, while germination rates were similar, creating two distinct patterns of reproductive isolation. In 2X-4X arrays, postzygotic isolation was near-complete (3% hybrid offspring), and prezygotic isolation associated with pollinator preference is expected to facilitate the persistence of minority cytotypes. However, in 4X-6X arrays where postzygotic isolation permitted hybrid formation (44% hybrids), pollinator behavior drove patterns of reproductive isolation, with rare cytotypes being more isolated and greater gene flow expected from rare into common cytotypes. In polyploid complexes, both the specific cytotypes in contact and local cytotype frequency, likely reflecting spatial demography, will influence likelihood of gene exchange.
Copy number variants outperform SNPs to reveal genotype-temperature association in a marine species
<p>Copy number variants (CNVs) are a major component of genotypic and phenotypic variation in genomes. To date, our knowledge of genotypic variation and evolution has largely been acquired by means of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) analyses. Until recently, the adaptive role of structural variants (SVs) and particularly that of CNVs has been overlooked in wild populations, partly due to their challenging identification. Here, we document the usefulness of Rapture, a derived reduced‐representation shotgun sequencing approach, to detect and investigate copy number variants (CNVs) alongside SNPs in American lobster (<i>Homarus americanus</i>) populations. We conducted a comparative study to examine the potential role of SNPs and CNVs in local adaptation by sequencing 1,141 lobsters from 21 sampling sites within the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, which experiences the highest yearly thermal variance of the Canadian marine coastal waters. Our results demonstrated that CNVs account for higher genetic differentiation than SNP markers. Contrary to SNPs, for which no significant genetic–environment association was found, 48 CNV candidates were significantly associated with the annual variance of sea surface temperature, leading to the genetic clustering of sampling locations despite their geographic separation. Altogether, we provide a strong empirical case that CNVs putatively contribute to local adaptation in marine species and unveil stronger spatial signal of population structure than SNPs. Our study provides the means to study CNVs in nonmodel species and highlights the importance of considering structural variants alongside SNPs to enhance our understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes shaping adaptive population structure.</p>
Adaptation by copy number variation increases insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm (vcf files)
<p>Here, I deposite vcf files used for a paper, entitled 'Adaptation by copy number variation increases insecticide resistance in the fall armyworm'.</p> <p>genotype.vcf and SNP.filtered.vcf.gz have the information of CNVs and SNPs, respectively. </p>
Dioxin Clinical Trials: Number of Studies per Condition
<p>As of May 2020, there were 15 reported clinical trials related to “dioxin” with 8 completed and 5 active studies. </p> <p>https://clinicaltrials.gov/</p>
Data from: Feeding increases the number of offspring but decreases parental investment of Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata
<p>1. Successful reproductive output and recruitment is crucial to coral persistence and recovery following anthropogenic stress. Feeding is known to alter coral physiology and increase resilience to bleaching. 2. The goal of the study was to address the knowledge gap of the influence of feeding on reproductive output and offspring phenotype. 3. Colonies of <em>Stylophora pistillata</em> from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) were fed an Artemia diet or unfed for five months during gametogenesis, fertilisation, and brooding. In addition, time to settlement and mortality of planulae were assessed at water temperatures ranging from winter temperature (22°C) to three degrees above average peak summer temperature (31°C). A range of physiological parameters were measured in parents and offspring. 4. In brooding parents, feeding significantly increased protein concentration and more than tripled the number of released planulae. Planulae from unfed colonies had higher chlorophyll per symbiont concentration and concomitantly higher photosynthetic efficiency compared to planulae from fed parents. In settlement assays, planulae showed a similar thermal resistance as known for this Red Sea adult population. Mortality was greater in planulae from unfed parents at ambient and 3°C above ambient temperature despite higher per offspring investment in terms of total fatty acid content. Fatty acid profiles and relative abundances were generally conserved between different fed and unfed colonies but planulae were enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to adults, i.e., 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, and 24:1 isomers. 5. Ultimately the availability of zooplankton could influence population physiology and recruitment in corals.</p>
Math anxiety mediates the link between number sense and math achievements in high math anxiety young adults
<p>The data are organized into three subfolders. One subfolder for each task:</p> <p><strong>MOT:</strong></p> <p>Each file contains a 3x4 matrix called “MatriceRisultati”.</p> <p>Each row of the matrix “MatriceRisultati” is a condition.</p> <p>The columns contain the following information:</p> <p>1<sup>st</sup>: Condition</p> <p>2<sup>nd</sup>: Number of response correct</p> <p>3<sup>rd</sup>: Total number of trials </p> <p>4<sup>th</sup>: proportion between column 2 and 3</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Numerosity discrimination: </strong></p> <p>Each file contains a matrix called “a”. </p> <p>Each row of the matrix “a” is a trial.</p> <p>The columns contain the following information:</p> <p>1<sup>st</sup>: Test Numerosity</p> <p>2<sup>nd</sup>: Subject response </p> <p>3<sup>rd</sup>: Reference position: 1= left; 2=right</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>Size discrimination:</strong> </p> <p>Each file contains a matrix called “MATR”. </p> <p>Each row of the matrix “MATR” is a trial.</p> <p>The columns contain the following information:</p> <p>1<sup>st</sup>: Delta (%) </p> <p>2<sup>nd</sup>: Subject response </p> <p>3<sup>rd</sup>: Test stimulus size (deg)</p> <p>4<sup>th</sup>: Probe stimulus size (deg)</p> <p>5<sup>th</sup>: Delta (%)</p> <p>6<sup>th</sup>: delta (deg)</p>
Number of Component Changes
<p><strong>Number of component change events per pixel over the 33-year time-series. Inset figures are the proportion of the study area (y-axis) by number of component change events (on the x-axis) for each component. Note that the y-axis varies among the inset figures varies by component.</strong></p>
Data for the article "Commensurability between element symmetry and the number of skyrmions governing skyrmion diffusion in confined geometries"
<p>Data for the article "Commensurability between element symmetry and the number of skyrmions governing skyrmion diffusion in confined geometries" (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03995">[2009.03995] Commensurability governing skyrmion diffusion in confined geometries (arxiv.org)</a>)</p>
List of specimens, collection numbers, localities, and GenBank accessions of sequences. The neotype of Scinax x‑signatus is underlined. New sequences produced for this study are in bold. Abbreviations are as follow. Countries: ARG = Argentina, BOL = Bolivia, BRA = Brazil, GUF = French Guiana, GUY = Guyana, MTQ = Martinique, PER = Peru, SUR = Suriname; Brazilian states: AP = Amapá, BA = Bahia, CE = Ceará, ES = Espírito Santo, MA = Maranhão, MG = Minas Gerais, PE = Pernambuco, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, RS = Rio Grande do Sul, SP = São Paulo. An asterisk (*) indicates approximate coordinates taken from Google Earth. in A neotype for Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)
List of specimens, collection numbers, localities, and GenBank accessions of sequences. The neotype of Scinax x‑signatus is underlined. New sequences produced for this study are in bold. Abbreviations are as follow. Countries: ARG = Argentina, BOL = Bolivia, BRA = Brazil, GUF = French Guiana, GUY = Guyana, MTQ = Martinique, PER = Peru, SUR = Suriname; Brazilian states: AP = Amapá, BA = Bahia, CE = Ceará, ES = Espírito Santo, MA = Maranhão, MG = Minas Gerais, PE = Pernambuco, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, RS = Rio Grande do Sul, SP = São Paulo. An asterisk (*) indicates approximate coordinates taken from Google Earth.
Data from: The distribution and numbers of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in southern Africa
Assessing the numbers and distribution of threatened species is a central challenge in conservation, often made difficult because the species of concern are rare and elusive. For some predators, this may be compounded by their being sparsely distributed over large areas. Such is the case with the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. The IUCN Red List process solicits comments, is democratic, transparent, widely-used, and has recently assessed the species. Here, we present additional methods to that process and provide quantitative approaches that may afford greater detail and a benchmark against which to compare future assessments. The cheetah poses challenges, but also affords unique opportunities. It is photogenic, allowing the compilation of thousands of crowd-sourced data. It is also persecuted for killing livestock, enabling estimation of local population densities from the numbers persecuted. Documented instances of persecution in areas with known human and livestock density mean that these data can provide an estimate of where the species may or may not occur in areas without observational data. Compilations of extensive telemetry data coupled with nearly 20,000 additional observations from 39 sources show that free-ranging cheetahs were present across approximately 789,700 km2 of Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe (56%, 22%, 12% and 10% respectively) from 2010 to 2016, with an estimated adult population of 3,577 animals. We identified a further 742,800 km2 of potential cheetah habitat within the study region with low human and livestock densities, where another ∼3,250 cheetahs may occur. Unlike many previous estimates, we make the data available and provide explicit information on exactly where cheetahs occur, or are unlikely to occur. We stress the value of gathering data from public sources though these data were mostly from well-visited protected areas. There is a contiguous, transboundary population of cheetah in southern Africa, known to be the largest in the world. We suggest that this population is more threatened than believed due to the concentration of about 55% of free-ranging individuals in two ecoregions. This area overlaps with commercial farmland with high persecution risk; adult cheetahs were removed at the rate of 0.3 individuals per 100 km2 per year. Our population estimate for confirmed cheetah presence areas is 11% lower than the IUCN's current assessment for the same region, lending additional support to the recent call for the up-listing of this species from vulnerable to endangered status.
Figure 1 in Potential phylogenetic significance of the number of functional abdominal spiracles in beetle pupae, with focus on Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera)
Figure 1. Hesperus rufipennis (Gravenhorst). Pupa (A) left lateral view, (B) dorsal view, (C) detail of functional abdominal spiracle 2, (D) detail of non-functional abdominal spiracle 6. Modified from Staniec (2004b: figs. 45, 46, 49, and 50, respectively), used with permission.
Data from: Weighting effective number of species measures by abundance weakens detection of diversity responses
1. The effective number of species (ENS) has been proposed as a robust measure of species diversity that overcomes several shortcomings of both diversity indices and species richness measures. However, it is not yet clear if ENS improves interpretation and comparison of biodiversity monitoring data, and ultimately resource management decisions. 2. We used simulations of five stream macroinvertebrate assemblages and spatially extensive field data of stream fishes and mussels to show (1) how different ENS formulations respond to stress and (2) how diversity-environment relationships change with values of q, which weight ENS measures by species abundances. 3. Values of ENS derived from whole simulated assemblages with all species weighted equally (true species richness) steadily decreased as stress increased, and ENS-stress relationships became weaker and more different among assemblages with increased weighting. 4. The amount of variation in ENS across the fish and mussel assemblages that was associated with environmental gradients decreased with increasing q. 5. Synthesis and applications: ENS does not improve interpretability of how diversity responds to stress or natural environmental gradients, and incorporating relative abundance into species diversity measures as implemented in ENS can actually weaken detection of diversity responses. Ecologists need to be cautious about use and interpretation of diversity measures whose values are jointly influenced by richness and evenness, including ENS, and instead separately assess species richness, species evenness, and compositional change in ecological communities.
Data from: Female investment in offspring size and number shifts seasonally in a lizard with single-egg clutches
The timing of reproduction strongly influences reproductive success in many organisms. For species with extended reproductive seasons, the quality of the environment may change throughout the season in ways that impact offspring survival, and, accordingly, aspects of reproductive strategies may shift to maximize fitness. Life-history theory predicts that if offspring environments deteriorate through the season, females should shift from producing more, smaller offspring early in the season to fewer, higher quality offspring later in the season. We leverage multiple iterations of anole breeding colonies, which control for temperature, moisture, and food availability, to identify seasonal changes in reproduction. These breeding colonies varied only by the capture date of the adult animals from the field. We show that seasonal cohorts exhibit variation in key reproductive traits such as inter-clutch interval, egg size and hatchling size consistent with seasonal shifts in reproductive effort. Overall, reproductive effort was highest early in the season due to a relatively high rate of egg production. Later season cohorts produced fewer, but larger offspring We infer that these results indicate a strategy for differential allocation of resources through the season. Females maximize offspring quantity when environments are favorable, and maximize offspring quality when environments are poor for those offspring. Our study also highlights that subtle differences in methodology (such as capture date of study animals) may influence the interpretation of results. Researchers interested in reproduction must be conscious of how their organism's reproductive patterns may shift through the season when designing experiments or comparing results across studies.
Increasing agricultural habitat reduces solitary bee offspring number and weight in apple orchards through reduced floral diet diversity and increased fungicide risk
<p>1. Threats to bee pollinators such as land use change, high pesticide risk, and reduced floral diet diversity are usually assessed independently, even though they often co-occur to impact bees in agroecosystems.</p> <p>2. We established populations of the non-native mason bee O. cornifrons at 17 NY apple orchards varying in proportion of surrounding agriculture and measured floral diet diversity and pesticide risk levels in the pollen provisions they produced. We used path analysis to test the direct and indirect effects of different habitats, diet diversity, and pesticide risk on emergent female offspring number and weight.</p> <p>3. Our results showed that high proportions of agricultural habitat surrounding bee nests indirectly reduced the number of female offspring produced, by reducing floral diet diversity in pollen.</p> <p>4. When proportion agriculture surrounding bee nests was high, bees collected increased proportions of Rosaceae in their pollen provisions, which marginally (0.05<p<0.1) increased fungicide risk levels in pollen, which, in turn, marginally reduced female offspring weight. In contrast, female offspring weight increased as proportion surrounding open habitat (wildflowers, grassland, pasture) increased, but this effect was not influenced by proportion Rosaceae or fungicide risk levels in pollen.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and Applications: To promote healthy O. cornifrons populations in apple, we must maintain floral resource diversity and open habitats, while reducing fungicide risk levels and agricultural habitats. More broadly, our results show that land use change, in the form of increasing agricultural habitat, can negatively impact bee populations in agroecosystems indirectly through multiple, simultaneous threats. We must strive to understand these complex interactions between simultaneous threats to maintain healthy bee populations in agroecosystems, where we rely on them for pollination.</p>
Data from: Extreme copy number variation at a tRNA ligase gene affecting phenology and fitness in yellow monkeyflowers
Copy number variation (CNV) is a major part of the genetic diversity segregating within populations, but remains poorly understood relative to single nucleotide variation. Here, we report on a tRNA ligase gene (RLG1a) exhibiting unprecedented, and fitness-relevant, CNV within an annual population of the yellow monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus. Variation at RLG1a was associated with multiple traits in pooled population resequencing (PoolSeq) scans of phenotypic and phenological cohorts. Five of 35 (14%) of resequenced inbred lines carried three-copy variants of RLG1a (trip+), and trip+ lines exhibited elevated RLG1a expression. trip+ carriers, in addition to being over-represented in late-flowering and large-flowered PoolSeq populations, flowered later under stressful conditions in a greenhouse experiment (P < 0.05). In early-flowering wild cohorts, we discovered an additional rare variant (high+) that carries 250-300 copies of RLG1a totaling ~5.7Mb, equivalent to 20-40% of a chromosome. Mendelian segregation of diagnostic alleles and qPCR-based copy counts In the progeny of a high+ carrier, indicate that high+ is a single tandem array unlinked from the single copy RLG1a locus in the reference genome. In the wild, high+ carriers had highest fitness in two dry and/or hot years (2015 and 2017; both P < 0.01), while single copy individuals were twice as fecund as either CNV genotype in a lush year (2016: p < 0.005). Our results demonstrate fluctuating selection on CNVs affecting phenological traits in a wild population, suggest that plant tRNA ligases mediate stress-responsive life-history traits, and introduce a novel system for investigating the molecular mechanisms of gene amplification.
Somatic copy number and structural variation in RPE-1 cells with induced chromosomal instability
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The chromosome breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle is a mutational process that produces gene amplification and genome instability. Signatures of BFB cycles can be observed in cancer genomes alongside chromothripsis, another catastrophic mutational phenomenon. Here, we explain this association by elucidating a mutational cascade, downstream of <a>th</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>e single cell division error of chromosome bridge formation, that rapidly generates extreme genomic complexity. We show that actomyosin forces are required for initial bridge breakage and mutagenesis, following which chromothripsis accumulates with aberrant interphase replication of bridge DNA. This is then followed by an unexpected burst of DNA replication in the next mitosis, generating extensive DNA damage. During this second cell division, broken bridge chromosomes frequently mis-segregate and form micronuclei, promoting additional chromothripsis. We <a>fu</a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>rther show that this mutational cascade generates the continuing evolution and sub-clonal heterogeneity characteristic of many human cancers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: The fire ant social supergene is characterized by extensive gene and transposable element copy number variation
In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, a supergene composed of ~600 genes and having two variants, SB and Sb, regulates colony social form. In single queen colonies all individuals carry only the SB allele, while in multiple queen colonies, some individuals carry the Sb allele. In this study we characterized genes with copy number variation between SB and Sb-carrying individuals. We showed extensive acquisition of gene duplicates in Sb genome, with some likely involved in polygyne-related phenotypes. We found 260 genes with differences in copy number between SB and Sb, of which 239 are in greater copy number in Sb. We observed TE accumulation on Sb, likely due to the accumulation of repetitive elements on the non-recombining chromosome. We found a weak correlation between TE copy number and differential expression, suggesting some TEs may still be proliferating in Sb, however many of the duplicated TEs were already silenced. Among the 115 non-TE genes with higher copy in Sb, enzymes responsible for cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis were highly represented. These include a desaturase and an elongase; both potentially responsible for differential queen odor and likely beneficial for polygyne ants. These genes seem to have translocated into the supergene from other chromosomes and proliferated by multiple duplication events. While the presence of transposable elements (TEs) in supergenes is well documented, little is known about duplication of non-TE genes and their possible adaptive role. Overall, our results suggest that gene duplications may be an important factor leading to monogyne and polygyne ant societies.
Number of public and private hospitals and number of beds avaiable in the spanish sanitary system in 1963
<p>Number of public and private hospitals and number of beds avaiable in the spanish sanitary system in 1963.</p> <p>Information about funding sources or sponsorship that supported the collection of the data: Financial support from the European Union, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and Spain’s Ministry of Science and Innovation -State Research Agency- for the project entitled "The historical keys of hospital development in Spain and its international comparison during the twentieth century", Ref. RTI2018-094676-B-I00.</p>
Etruscan tomb (number 8)
Etruscan tomb (number 8), Italy, 7th century B.C., Nye Carlsberg Glyptotek (Copenhagen, Denmark). Made with Memento Beta. A winged woman lies on the lid. The divine Status of the figure is suggested by a dove and a snake possibly symbolising the goddess of love, Turan or her attendant , Lasa and Vanth, who together with the snake belong in the underworld. All are creatures whose beneficence it was hoped could ease existence in the afterlife. The front shows the meeting of two processions. From the left come horsemen and a man - perhaps the one resting in the coffin - in a carriage drawn by a team of horses, on its way into a gap representing the entrance to the realm of the dead. Waiting here are three women - perhaps relatives already dead? - in a horsedrawn cart - followed by a woman ready with sacrificial wine in a jug. Behind them stands a demon of death with a mallet. The horses to the left are thin, those in the underworld are well fed, reflecting the expectations of a rich life in the other world. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.