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Fig. 8 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 8. Epigynal structure of Gasteracantha kuhli C. L. Koch, 1837. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale = 100 µm. CO = Copulatory opening; FD = Fertilisation duct; S = Spermatheca.

Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 10. Holotype sample of Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. A, Dorsal view of abdomen; B, Posteroventral view of epigyne. Scale not available. (Photo reproduced with permission from Joseph Koh).

Fig. 9. Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864. A in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 9. Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864. A, Dorsal habitus; B−E, Epigynal structure. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale A = 5 mm; B−E = 100 µm. S = Spermatheca.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 7. Epigynal structure of Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale = 100 µm. CO = Copulatory opening; FD = Fertilisation duct; S = Spermatheca.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 6. Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835). A, Dorsal habitus; B−E, Epigynal structure. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale A = 5 mm; B−E = 100 µm. S = Spermatheca.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 3. Bayesian tree based on the concatenated 16S+CO1+CO2+H3A dataset of samples used in the present study. Numeric values at nodes arranged in an order of Ultrafast ML bootstrap support/MP bootstrap support/Bayesian posterior probability.

Fig. 11 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 11. Epigynal structure of Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793). A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale = 100 µm. CO = Copulatory opening; FD = Fertilisation duct; S = Spermatheca.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 4. Bayesian tree based on the CO1 dataset of Actinacantha, Gasteracantha, Macracantha and Thelacantha. Numeric values at nodes arranged in an order of Ultrafast ML bootstrap support/MP bootstrap support/Bayesian posterior probability.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 5. Sub-female Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841). A, Dorsal habitus; B, Ventral habitus; C, Lateral habitus. Scale = 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 12. Epigynal structure of Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857). A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale = 100 µm. CO = Copulatory opening; FD = Fertilisation duct; S = Spermatheca.

Fig. 1. General habitus. A in Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia

Fig. 1. General habitus. A, Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841), sub-female; B, Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835), female; C, G. diardi yellow morph, female; D, G. diardi white morph, sub-female; E, G. kuhli, female; F, Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837, female; G, Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793), female; H, Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857), female; I, G. mengei Keyserling, 1864, female. Photos by Tan Ji.

Fig. 8 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 8. Abdominal trichobothria in Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906, female: A – position of trichobothria on sternites III and IV (AT3 and AT4) (magnification 45×); B – AT3 (300×); C–D – AT4 (C – 400×, D – 800×); E–G – AT5 (E – 160×, F – 300×, G – 800×); H – AT6 (300×). Abbreviations: AT3–4 – abdominal trichobothria on sternites III to IV; bo – bothrium; cs – crocus-like structure; sp – spiracle; tr – trichome. Scale bars: 50 μm (D, G), 0.1 mm (B–C, F, H), 0.3 mm (E), 1 mm (A).

Fig. 5 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 5. External scent efferent system of dorsoabdominal glands in Hyocephalidae. A–F – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906, female: A – abdomen, dorsal view (magnification 19×); B, D, E – dorsoabdominal scent efferent system on tergites IV–V (B – 47×, D – 200×, E – 400×); C, F – dorsoabdominal scent efferent system on tergites V–VI (C – 80×, F – 200×). G–K – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002, male: abdomen, dorsal view (30×); H – suture between tergites III and IV (42×); I, K – dorsoabdominal scent efferent system on tergites IV–V (I – 130×, K – 500×); J – dorsoabdominal scent efferent system on tergites V–VI (120×). Abbreviations: DAGIV–V, DAGV–VI – scent efferent system of dorsoabdominal scent glands on tergites IV–V and V–VI, respectively. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (E, K), 0.2 mm (D, F), 0.4 mm (I–J), 0.5 mm (C), 1 mm (B, G–H), 3 mm (A).

Fig. 4 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 4. Ultrastructure of thoracic spiracles in Hyocephalidae. A–C – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906, male: A – mesothoracic spiracle (magnifi- cation 400×); B–C – metathoracic spiracle (B – 200×, C – 500×). D – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002: metathoracic spiracle (500×). Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, C–D), 0.2 mm (B).

Fig. 2 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 2. Head and prothorax of Hyocephalidae. A–C – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002, male: A – dorsal habitus (magnification 13×); B – head and pronotum, dorsal view (32×), C – apex of profemur with spines (130×). D–H – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906, female: D–F – head and prothorax (D – dorsal view, 23×; E – lateral view, 21×; F – ventral view, 23×); G–H – head (G – dorsal view, 40×; H – lateral view, 30×). Scale bars: 0.4 mm (C), 1 mm (B, G–H), 2 mm (D–F), 4 mm (A).

Fig. 1 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 1. Dorsal habitus of Hyocephalidae. A – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906, female (15.4 mm); B – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002, male (8.7 mm).

Fig. 7 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 7. Schematic drawing of abdomen of Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002, male, in lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.Abbreviations: AT3–7a–c – particular positions of abdominal trichobothria on sternites III–VII; sml – submarginal depressed line; sp – spiracle; tss – tergosternal suture.

Fig. 3 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 3. External scent efferent system of metathoracic glands in Hyocephalidae. A–E – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906 (A–D – male, E – female): A – meso- and metathorax, lateral view (magnification 37×); B – external scent efferent system, lateral view (60×); C – ostiole and peritreme, lateral view (180×); D – peritreme, lateral view (300×); E – ostiole and peritreme, ventral view (180×). F–H – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002: F – external scent efferent system, lateral view (85×); G – ostiole and peritreme, lateral view (250×); H – peritreme, lateral view (550×).Abbreviations: mss – mesothoracic spiracle, mts – metathoracic spiracle, o – ostiole, vs – vestibular scar. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (D, H), 0.2 mm (G), 0.3 mm (C, E), 0.5 mm (B, F), 1 mm (A).

Fig. 6 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 6. Strainer organ in Hyocephalidae. A–D – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906: A – female, abdomen, lateral view (magnification 18×); B–D – strainer (B – male, 150×; C – female, 150×; D – female, 600×). E – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002, male, strainer (370×). F – Maevius indecorus (Stål, 1874), female, strainer (250×).Abbreviations:AT3–7 – abdominal trichobothria on sternites III–VII; cp – closed pore; op – open pore; st – strainer. Scale bars: 50 μm (D), 0.1 mm (E), 0.2 mm (F), 0.3 mm (B–C), 3 mm (A).

Fig. 9 in Scanning the Hyocephalidae: details of their external morphology with respect to phylogenetic relationships within Eutrichophora (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)*

Fig. 9. Details of abdomen and thorax in Hyocephalidae and Stenocephalidae. A–B – Hyocephalus aprugnus Bergroth, 1906, female: A – abdominal trichobothria on sternite VI (AT6) (magnification 800×); B – AT7 (400×). C–D – Maevius luridus Brailovsky, 2002, male: C – AT5 (400×), D – AT6 (400×). E–H – Dicranocephalus agilis (Scopoli, 1763): E – external scent efferent system (261×); F – abdomen in lateral view (27×); G–H – abdominal trichobothria on sternite VI (G – 120×, H – 400×). Abbreviations: AT5–7 – abdominal trichobothria 5–7; bo – bothrium; o – ostiole; pe – peritreme; sp – spiracle. Scale bars: 50 μm (A), 0.1 mm (B–D).