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Fig. 9. Other trace fossils from Nefiach, Pliocene. A in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 9. Other trace fossils from Nefiach, Pliocene. A. Centrichnus cf. eccentricus beside an specimen of the foraminiferan tracemaker, Dyocibicides biserialis, still attached, JMC−UB/I−0103. B. Another specimen of C. cf. eccentricus, JMC−UB/I−0103. C. Pinaceocladichnus, a bryozoan boring, in a pectinid valve, JMC−UB/I−0107. D. Oichnus simplex on an oyster shell, JMC−UB/I−0108. E. Repaired scars produced by durophagous attacks in a pectivid valve, JMC−UB/I−0102.

Fig. 8. Sponge borings from Nefiach, Pliocene. A in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 8. Sponge borings from Nefiach, Pliocene. A. Oyster shell with Entobia, JMC−UB/I−0106. B. X−radiography of the same specimen displaying the structure of the sponge boring and revealing the presence of a Caulostrepsis taeniola. C. Detail of Entobia apertures in the same specimen.

Fig. 2 in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 2. Field appearance of the shell beds at Nefiach. A. View of the interval that includes several shell beds. B, C. Details of the shell beds showing the concordant attitude of the shells.

Fig. 3 in Sublethal injuries in Early Devonian cephalopod shells from Morocco

Fig. 3. Limonitic internal moulds of Devonobactrites obliquiseptatum (Sandberger and Sandberger, 1852) with minor healed injuries ("forma substructa" of Hölder, 1973) from the early Zlíchovian (early Emsian, Early Devonian) of the Tafilalt (Morocco). A. PIMUZ 7275, Ouidane Chebbi, note the small triangular fracture. B. PIMUZ 7273, Ouidane Chebbi, irregular insertion of ridges after injury. C. PIMUZ 27032, Oum El Jerane. D. PIMUZ 27033, Oum El Jerane; two injuries. E. MB.C.9545, bed EF, Filon Douze; note the deep fracture which extended over approximately one fourth of the body chamber length; at the posterior end of the fracture, two triangles can be seen as in C, reminding of other cephalopod bite−marks. F. PIMUZ 27034, Oum El Jerane; in this case, the mantle was most likely affected, causing the formation of a linear deformation in growth direction. G. PIMUZ 27040, south of Hassi Tachbit, near Ouidane Chebbi. H. PIMUZ 27035, Oum El Jerane; in contrast to most healed injuries, the apical end of the fracture is broad. I. PIMUZ 27036, Oum El Jerane. J. PIMUZ 27042, El Atrous, note the questionable terminal constriction, possibly indicating adulthood and not a malformation. K. PIMUZ 27037, Oum El Jerane. L. PIMUZ 27041, El Atrous; two injuries. M. PIMUZ 27038, Oum El Jerane. N. PIMUZ 27039, Oum El Jerane; like in F, the mantle was also affected, causing the formation of a linear deformation in growth direction. All specimens were coated with NH4Cl. The arrows indicate healed injuries unless otherwise stated.

Fig. 5. Mollusc grazing traces Radulichnus inopinatus from Nefiach, Pliocene. A in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 5. Mollusc grazing traces Radulichnus inopinatus from Nefiach, Pliocene. A. Inner surface of a pectinid valve with areas covered by Radulichnus (A1) and detail of the specimen (A2), displaying the arrangement of scratches in groups, JMC−UB/I−0103. B. Oyster shell with dense patches of Radulichnus (B1) and sculpture resulting from pervasive, deep Radulichnus bioerosion (B2), JMC−UB/I−0098. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in New Barremian rhynchonellide brachiopod genus from Serbia and the shell microstructure of Tetrarhynchiidae

Fig. 4. Rhynchonellide brachiopod Antulanella pancici (Antula, 1903), Barremian (Early Cretaceous), Crnoljevica, Svrljiške Planine Mountains, eastern Serbia. A. RGF VR 25/288, topotype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), and anterior (A4) views; A5, dorsal view shows interarea, deltidial plates and rimmed foramen. B. RGF VR 25/290, topotype, dorsal (B1, B5), ventral (B2, B6), lateral (B3, B7), and anterior (B4, B8) views. C. RGF VR 25/314, topotype, used for transverse serial sections, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), and anterior (C4) views. D. RGF VR 25/313, topotype, juvenile form, used for transverse serial sections, dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), and anterior (D4) views. E. RGF VR 25/316, topotype, used for transverse serial sections, dorsal (E1), ventral (E2), lateral (E3), and anterior (E4) views. F. RGF VR 25/289, topotype, dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), and anterior (F4) views. G. RGF VR 23/81, topotype, largest specimen, dorsal (G1), ventral (G2), lateral (G3), and anterior (G4) views.

Fig. 12 in New Barremian rhynchonellide brachiopod genus from Serbia and the shell microstructure of Tetrarhynchiidae

Fig. 12. Antula's (1903: pl. 2: 1–4) original drawings of four specimens of Antulanella pancici (Antula, 1903), from the Barremian, Crnoljevica, Svrljške Planine Mountains, eastern Serbia. A. Adult specimens, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), and anterior (A4) views. B. Fully adult specimen, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. Dorsal (C1) and ventral (C2) views. D. Dorsal (D1) and anterior (D2) views.

Fig. 1. A in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 1. A. Geological map of the Roussillon Basin, modified from Clauzon et al. (1987). B. Stratigraphic section of the Pliocene at Nefiach.

Fig. 3 in New Barremian rhynchonellide brachiopod genus from Serbia and the shell microstructure of Tetrarhynchiidae

Fig. 3. Rhynchonellide brachiopod Antulanella pancici (Antula, 1903), Barremian (Early Cretaceous), Crnoljevica, Svrljiške Planine Mountains, eastern Serbia. A. NHM 484/3, lectotype, dorsal (A1, A5), ventral (A2, A6), lateral (A3, A7), and anterior (A4, A8) views. B. NHM 484/8, paralectotype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. NHM 484/9, paralectotype, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), and anterior (C4) views. D. NHM 484/6, paralectotype, dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), and anterior (D4) views.

Fig. 9 in New Barremian rhynchonellide brachiopod genus from Serbia and the shell microstructure of Tetrarhynchiidae

Fig. 9. Sketch reconstructions of the crura of Antulanella pancici (Antula, 1903), lateral views. A. RGF VR 25/314, from serial sections shown in Fig. 5. B. RGF VR 25/313, from serial sections shown in Fig. 6. C. RGF VR 25/316, from serial sections shown in Fig. 7. D. RGF VR 23/83, from serial sections shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 6 in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 6. Different morphologies of the modular unit of grazing traces produced by a species of polyplacophoran and several species of gastropods. Only those produced by polyplacophorans and patellogastropods (white boxes) are likely to be preserved as fossils, because other groups bear unmineralized radulae. Figures redrawn from Jüch and Boekschoten (1980; L. cinereus and L. littorea), Thompson et al. (1997; P. vulgata, C. zizyphinum, Gibbula sp., and L. obtusata), Forrest et al. (2001; C. tramoserica and B. nanum), and Reyes et al. (2001; T. atra, F. peruviana, and L. ceciliana). In all cases, the direction of movement of the tracemaker would be towards the top of the page.

Fig. 2 in New Barremian rhynchonellide brachiopod genus from Serbia and the shell microstructure of Tetrarhynchiidae

Fig. 2. Intraspecific variability of Antulanella pancici (Antula, 1903) from Crnoljevica, Svrljiške Planine Mountains, eastern Serbia. Scatter diagrams plotting length/width (A), length/thickness (B), width/thickness (C): linear correlation. Open star indicates lectotype; N, number of specimens.

Fig. 7. Polychaete borings from Nefiach, Pliocene. A in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model

Fig. 7. Polychaete borings from Nefiach, Pliocene. A. Single specimen of Caulostrepsis taeniola on an oyster valve, JMC−UB/I−0104. B. Oyster valve with numerous Caulostrepsis taeniola borings arranged following growth lines (B1) and detail of the borings (B2), JMC−UB/I−0105. C. Maeandropolydora sulcans in a pectinid shell, JMC−UB/I−0096. Scale bars 10 mm.

Figure 6 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America

Figure 6. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 11/101). Images (a), (b), (f), and (g) are in polarised light, images (c) and (e) in normal transmitted light, and image (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a) Composite overview image assembled from several images and transferred on a black background. Note distally tapering of the internal cortex. (b) Close-up of cancellous bone and internal cortex, the latter being composed of parallel-fibred bone tissue. (c, d) Close-up of distal end of the specimen. The cancellous bone is subsequently substituted by a loose meshwork of longitudinal coarse fibre bundles. (e, f) Close-up of the proximal part of external cortex, showing a thick, more external zone of predominantly parallel trending interwoven structural fibres (mirroring parallel-fibred bone tissue arrangement), overlying a thin plywood-like system of the more internal zone. Note oblique coarser Sharpey's fibres extending over the plies. (g) Close-up of a more distally situated part the external cortex, where the individual plies of the more internal zone have increased to about twice the thickness seen in the more proximal part of the cortex. The interwoven structural fibre bundles of the more external zone show a more homogeneous distribution instead of dominance of horizontally arranged fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; EC, erosion cavity; ECO; external cortex; EZ, more external zone; GM, growth mark; ICO, internal cortex; IZ, more internal zone, ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres.

Figure 4 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America

Figure 4. Shell bone histology of Basilemys sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–f) are in polarised light. (a, b) Section of the external cortex of the peripheral YPM 9703 showing characteristic spindle-shaped organisation of growth marks and the "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern of the bone surface. Note "lateral" shift between successive layers causing phasedelayed "saddle and valley" ornamentation pattern. (c) Close-up of the trabecular meshwork of interior cancellous bone of YPM 9703. Note interstitial primary bone matrix in trabecular nodes. (d) Close-up of the internal cortex of the peripheral shell fragment FM P27371. Parallel-fibred bone is vascularised by scattered primary osteons and simple vascular canals. (e) Close-up of the apical external cortex of the spiked osteoderm TMP 80.08.296, showing the external "pock-mark" sculpturing pattern and the spindle-shaped arrangement of bone tissue. (f) Close-up of the internal and lateral cortex of TMP 80.08.296. Note regular arrangement of transversely and longitudinally sectioned interwoven structural fibre bundles. Abbreviations: CB, cancellous bone; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; lsFB, longitudinally sectioned fibre bundle; PC, primary vascular canal; PO, primary osteon, PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon; trFB, transversely sectioned fibre bundle.

Figure 3 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America

Figure 3. Bone histology of Nanhsiungchelyidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (c) and (f) in polarised light, and (b) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a, b) Close-up of external cortex of ZIN PH 38/80 (Nanhsiungchelyidae indet.). The more external zone shows growth marks, representing resorption lines in the cortical tissue. The more internal zone shows interwoven structural fibre bundles, vascularised by primary osteons and simple vascular canals. Note scattered secondary osteons. (c, d) Close-up of the external cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). Note presence of fibres extending perpendicular to the bone surface and subparallel growth marks in the external-most layers. Isolated primary vascular canals open up to the bone surface as small foramina. Note succession of resorption lines in the cortex. (e, f) Close-up of the interior cancellous bone and internal cortex of PIN 3458 (Hanbogdemys orientalis). The cortical parallel-fibred bone tissue is increasingly invaded by erosion cavities, only in parts lined with centripetally deposited secondary lamellar bone. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavity; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; RL, resorption line; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.

Figure 5 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America

Figure 5. Bone histology of Trionychidae indet. (ZIN PH 3/75). Images (a) and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b) and (f) in polarised light, and (c) and (d) in polarised light applying a lambda compensator. (a–c) Close-up of the external cortex showing the plywoodlike system below the external ornamentation pattern. Note internal organisation of plies into fibre bundle quadrangles (see Scheyer et al., 2007), visible as alternating light and dark bundles (b) or yellow-orange and blue-violet bundles (c). Internal to the ply system the bone is coarsely cancellous. (d) Close up of the plywood-like system showing the longitudinally trending plies separating the plies, which show the alternating longitudinally sectioned (yellow-orange) and cross-sectioned (blue-violet) fibre bundle quadrangles. (e) Interior cancellous bone showing predominantly remodelled trabeculae and horizontally oblong intertrabecular cavities. (f) Close-up of the internal cortex showing lamellar zonal bone grading into parallel-fibred bone. Abbreviations: CCB, coarse cancellous bone; FBQ, fibre bundle quadrangles; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LSO, longitudinally sectioned secondary osteon; LZB-PFB, lamellar zonal bone-parallel-fibred bone; OP, ornamentation pattern; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; ShF, Sharpey's fibres; TR, trabecular bone.

Figure 2 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America

Figure 2. Bone histology of Adocidae from Central Asia and Mongolia. Images (a), (c), and (e) are in normal transmitted light, images (b), (d), and (f) in polarised light. (a) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 84/87 ("Ferganemys" itemirensis). Growth marks are visible in the more external zone, whereas the more internal zone is dominated by an extensive reticular vascularisation pattern. (b) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 2/116 (Shachemys sp., xiphiplastron: external bone surface is in lower part of image). The more external zone shows highly birefringent growth marks, whereas the more internal zone is increasingly remodelled by secondary osteons. (c) Close-up of the external cortex of ZIN PH 92 (Adocus dzhurtasensis). Note absence of the more external zone. (d) Interior coarse cancellous bone of ZIN PH 593/64 (Adocus foveatus). (e) Close-up of the interior trabecular bone of ZIN PH 2/91 (Adocus sp.). (f) Close-up of the internal cortex of ZIN PH 37/86 ("Ferganemys" itermirensis, plastron fragment) showing parallel-fibred bone grading into lamellar bone. Note the light and dark extinction pattern of the tissue. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; PFBLZB, parallel-fibred bone-lamellar zonal bone; PC, primary vascular canal; RVP, reticular vascularisation pattern; SO, secondary osteon; TR, trabecular bone.

Figure 1 in Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America

Figure 1. Shell bone histology of Adocus sp. from North America. Image (a) is in normal transmitted light, and images (b–d) are in polarised light. Close-up of the interwoven structural fibre bundles of external cortex of the peripheral UCMP V87101/150201. (a, b) Note presence of growth marks and perpendicular fibre bundles in the more external zone. The more internal zone shows fine-fibred homogeneous structure of the ISF. (c) Close-up of interior trabecular and coarse cancellous bone of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. (d) Close-up of parallel-fibred bone of internal cortex of the costal UCMP V87101/150200. The bone tissue is vascularised by few scattered primary vascular canals only. Abbreviations: EC, erosion cavities; GM, growth mark; ISF, interwoven structural fibre bundles; LB, lamellar bone; PC, primary vascular canal; PFB, parallel-fibred bone; SO, secondary osteon.