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553 results for “soil communities”
Fig. 3 in Macrophytes communities associated to soil bioengineering techniques for erosion control in riverbanks
Fig. 3. Observed and estimated species accumulation curve at the sampling sites in municipality of Amparo de São Francisco, Sergipe state, 2014.
Figure 3 in Changes in galling insect community on Caryocar brasiliense trees mediated by soil chemical and physical attributes
Figure 3. Principal components regressions among: (A) abundance of parasitoids (A.P.) with abundance of galling insects (A.G.I.); (B) species richness of parasitoids (S.R.P.) with pH in water, species richness of galling insects (S.R.G.I.), and sand (dag kg-1) (Sa.); (C) diversity of parasitoids (D.P.) with diversity of galling insects (D.G.I.), silt (dag kg-1) (Si.), and clay (dag kg-1) (Cl.); (D) Sycophila sp. adults (Syc.) with Eurytoma sp. galling insect adults (Eur.) and Ablerus magistretti adults (Ama.); and (E) Ama. with Eur., phosphorus-Mehlich 1 (mg dm-3) contents (P.C.), Si., Syc., aluminum (cmol dm-3) contents (A.C.), and pH on Caryocar brasiliense trees in three years. The c symbols represent the averages and the bars the standard errors. n = 111.
Figure 4 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 4. Spatial random effects explaining abundance, number of species and Berger-Parker index in samples in different management types. Grayscale palette shows scales (meters, 25cm-plots, 7-cm plots). Barplots show Tau parameter of the (spatial) random effects; mixed-effects models were run in each management type separately.
Figure 1 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 1. Location of the fields studied with different treatments: ODISK (Organic farming and Disking - C and D circles), OTILL (Organic farming and Tillage - A and Bsquares), and CONV (Conventional farming - E and F triangles). Coordinates of locations: A: N 54.482 E 34.928, B: N 54.496 E 34.933, C: N 54.543 E 34.880, D: N 54.555 E 34.996, E: N 54.585 E 35.0187, F: N 54.570 E 34.974. The altitude was from 175 to 234 m above sea level depending on the field.
Figure 2 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 2. Spatially nested hierarchical sampling design. In total, 486 samples were collected from 6 fields across 3 management types.
Figure 1 in Comparison of soil invertebrate communities in organic and conventional production systems in Southern Brazil
Figure 1. Location of sampling sites in Quitandinha county, part of the greater Curitiba metropolitan area, State of Paraná, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Comparison of soil invertebrate communities in organic and conventional production systems in Southern Brazil
Figure 2. Relative abundance of the most representative soil invertebrate groups (> 2 %) and the 'others' group of soil macrofauna (A) and soil mesofauna (B) in four land-use systems (NF = Native forest, OH = organic horticulture, RT = reduced tillage, and CH = conventional horticulture) in Quitandinha, Brazil.
Figure 2 in Soil Oligochaeta communities after 9 decades of continuous fertilization in a bare fallow experiment
Figure 2. Boxplot representing the total abundance (expressed as individuals m-2) of enchytraeids according to fertilizers (from the left to the right): basic (alkaline) amendments, organic amendments (manure), ammonium-based nitrogen fertilizers, nitrate-based nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, and control (without amendments). Fertilizer treatments with the same letter are not different at p = 0.05. N beneath treatment codes is the number of plots sampled per treatment group.
Figure 1 in Soil Oligochaeta communities after 9 decades of continuous fertilization in a bare fallow experiment
Figure 1. Graphical presentation of the treatments and layout of the Versailles 42-plot long-term bare fallow experiment. Plots with a red cross were not sampled in the present study.
Fig. 1 in Review paper The Role of Bacterial-based Protist Communities in Aquatic and Soil Ecosystems and the Carbon Biogeochemical Cycle, with Emphasis on Naked Amoebae
Fig. 1. Protocol for respiration and microbial biomass experiments. Respiration was measured with an infrared CO gas analyzer, glu2 cose (444 µg/g soil) in solution was added as a supplement. Microbial assays for naked amoebae used a culture observation method (COM) for living amoebae routinely employed in our laboratory (e.g. Anderson 2000), glutaraldehyde-fixed portions of the soil sample were examined microscopically for bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates using a fluorescent staining technique (Anderson et al. 2001). For experiments of one-week duration, sampling was done on Days 1, 4, and 8. For two-week duration experiments, sampling was done on Days 1, 8, and 15.
Figure 3 in Structural characteristics of the soil fauna community in beach wetlands of the Poyang Lake region
Figure 3. Distribution of soil fauna in the 0–20 cm soil layer at different sampling sites in the Poyang Lake region.
Figure 2 in Structural characteristics of the soil fauna community in beach wetlands of the Poyang Lake region
Figure 2. Numbers of soil fauna individuals and groups at different sampling sites in Poyang Lake wetlands.
Elevated CO2 and Nitrogen Supply Boost N Use Efficiency and Wheat Growth, and Differentiate Soil Microbial Communities Related to Ammonia-oxidization
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Elevated CO2 and Nitrogen Supply Boost N Use Efficiency and Wheat Growth, and Differentiate Soil Microbial Communities Related to Ammonia-oxidization
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Dataset for the project "The role of expansive and invasive plant species in shaping the activity of microbial communities and carbon sequestration in the soil of post-mining spoil heaps."
<p>Description of the project: Research on carbon sequestration in all types of ecosystems, including human-transformed oligotrophic ecosystems, has become more important today from a climate change perspective, as it can help mitigate its effects. Increasing the potential for C sequestration on brownfield sites can be achieved by improving biological processes and developing soil organic matter reservoirs. This may be particularly relevant for the functioning of oligotrophic ecosystems such as waste coal mine spoil heaps. In studies conducted to date on soil carbon dynamics, it has been found that carbon storage capacity is related to vegetation type, among other factors. This is mainly due to the fact that different plant species affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, the chemical composition of the litter, detritus supply and rooting depth differently. Furthermore, plant species have been shown to influence the composition and biomass of soil microbial communities, and these microorganisms are responsible for the decomposition of organic compounds in the soil. There is little knowledge of soil microbial communities and their activities in the different plant communities of post-mining spoil heaps, especially with regard to the effects of specific microbial communities on soil carbon sequestration. The aim of the project was to compare the influence of a native expansive grass species (<em>Calamagrostis epigejos</em> (L.) ROTH) and an alien invasive species (<em>Solidago gigantea</em> AITION) on the activity and structure of soil microorganisms and carbon sequestration on post-mining spoil heaps spontaneously colonised by vegetation and subjected to reclamation. The study was carried out on a model post-mining heap, part of which has been reclaimed with overburdened soil, while the remaining part has not undergone any reclamation and is subject to spontaneous succession processes. An analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) in soil substrate samples was carried out to determine the effect of the plant species studied on carbon sequestration. TOC consists of organic compounds mainly derived from root exudates, microbial biomass and decomposition of plant litter and SOM by microorganisms. Therefore, the structure of soil microbial assemblages was also investigated by means of phospholipid fatty acid profiles and the activity of these microorganisms, by means of soil enzyme analysis and functional diversity of microorganisms using BIOLOG<sup>®</sup> Ecoplates. In addition, the in situ level of CO<sub>2</sub> release from the soil was also determined.</p>
Data from: Changes in ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition and declining diversity along a 2-million-year soil chronosequence
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities covary with host plant communities along soil fertility gradients, yet it is unclear whether this reflects changes in host composition, fungal edaphic specialization or priority effects during fungal community establishment. We grew two co-occurring ECM plant species (to control for host identity) in soils collected along a 2-million-year chronosequence representing a strong soil fertility gradient and used soil manipulations to disentangle the effects of edaphic properties from those due to fungal inoculum. Ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition changed and richness declined with increasing soil age; these changes were linked to pedogenesis-driven shifts in edaphic properties, particularly pH and resin-exchangeable and organic phosphorus. However, when differences in inoculum potential or soil abiotic properties among soil ages were removed while host identity was held constant, differences in ECM fungal communities and richness among chronosequence stages disappeared. Our results show that ECM fungal communities strongly vary during long-term ecosystem development, even within the same hosts. However, these changes could not be attributed to short-term fungal edaphic specialization or differences in fungal inoculum (i.e. density and composition) alone. Rather, they must reflect longer-term ecosystem-level feedback between soil, vegetation and ECM fungi during pedogenesis.
Data from: Grazing and nitrogen addition restructure the spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities
<p>1. In grassland ecosystems, large herbivorous animal grazing activity and increasing nitrogen deposition strongly alters microbial community structure and function. Understanding the effects of grazing and nitrogen addition on the spatial heterogeneity in soil microbial community structure, enzymatic activities and the underlying mechanisms are crucial for making better predictions of soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient cycling. </p> <p>2. We examined the spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activity associated with changes in soil microclimate, soil characteristics, plant biomass and soil nutrient responses to grazing and nitrogen addition using a manipulative experiment with control (CK), grazing (G), nitrogen addition (N) and grazing plus nitrogen addition (NG) treatments in a <i>Leymus chinensis </i>meadow steppe, in northeastern China. </p> <p>3. The results demonstrated that soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities showed a high level of spatial dependence [C/(C + C0)≥0.9] in the CK plot. G, N and NG treatments not only reduced the spatial variability ofsoil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities, but also reshaped the spatial links between enzymes activities and microbial community structure. Litter biomass, soil temperature and soil nutrients (soil dissolved inorganic nitrogen or soil dissolved organic carbon) explained 21-27% of the spatial variability of soil microbial community structure in the CK treatment and pH was the strongest driver for the spatial variability of soil enzymatic activities. Meanwhile, the homogenization in soil water content induced by the N addition treatment was a determinant of the reduction in spatial heterogeneity of the microbial community structure. The combination of soil physicochemical properties (bulk density, soil pH and soil dissolved inorganic nitrogen), soil temperature and root biomass explained 32-43% of the spatial variability of the microbial community structure in the G treatment, and N and G treatments had additive effects on the spatial heterogeneity of total PLFAs by homogenizing root biomass. Plant biomass and microbial community structure were the major drivers for the spatial heterogeneity of enzymatic activities under G, N and NG. In NG, the change in spatial variability of enzymatic activities was dominated by N addition. Regardless of grazing, N addition facilitated the spatial correlation between microbial community structure and enzyme activities. </p> <p>4. Overall, our results revealed the drivers of soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities spatial pattern shift due to grazing and N addition, highlighting the role that spatial variability in soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities has on the <i>L. chinensis</i> meadow steppe.</p>
Interspecific trait variability and local soil conditions modulate grassland model community responses to climate
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b> </b>High elevation grasslands provide critical services in agriculture and ecosystem stabilization. However, these ecosystems face elevated risks of disturbance due to predicted soil and climate changes. We experimentally exposed model grassland communities, comprised of three species grown on either local or reference soil, to varied climatic environments along an elevational gradient in the European Alps, measuring the effects on species and community traits. Although species-specific biomass varied across soil and climate, species' proportional contributions to community-level biomass production remained consistent. Where species experienced low survivorship, species-specific biomass production was maintained through increased production of surviving individuals. Species responded directionally to climatic variation, segregating differentially by plant traits (including height, reproduction, biomass, survival, leaf dry weight, and leaf area) across all sites. Local soil variation drove stochastic trait responses across all species. This soil variability obscured climate-driven responses: we recorded no directional trait responses driven by climate. Our species-based approach contributes to our understanding of grassland community stabilization and suggests that these communities show some stability under climatic variation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Soil microbial community in 47 Chinese forest sites: biogeographic patterns and links with soil dissolved organic matter
<p>Physical and chemical properties of soil samples in this Manuscript.</p>
Data from: Plant community evenness responds to spatial plant-soil feedback heterogeneity primarily through the diversity of soil conditioning
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