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Figure 3 in Specifics of life cycle and damage of Oligonychus ununguis (Acari: Tetranychidae) on introduced species of coniferous plants in conditions of megalopolis
Figure 3. Hydrothermal coefficient (HC) values for periods after the threshold temperature of 10 ℃ (2012– 2016).
Figure 1 in Specifics of life cycle and damage of Oligonychus ununguis (Acari: Tetranychidae) on introduced species of coniferous plants in conditions of megalopolis
Figure 1. Density levels (%) of Oligonychus ununguis on host plants of species and subspecies of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss. in the Fomin Botanical Garden (2012–2016).
Data from: Restoring marine ecosystems: spatial reef configuration triggers taxon-specific responses among early colonizers
<p>1. The longstanding debate in conservation biology on the importance of single large or several small (SLOSS) habitats for preserving biodiversity remains highly relevant, given the ongoing degradation and loss of natural habitats worldwide. Restoration efforts are often constrained by limited resources, and insights from SLOSS studies therefore have important implications if restoration efforts can be optimized by manipulating the spatial configuration of restored habitats. Yet, the relevance of SLOSS for habitat restoration remains largely unexplored.</p> <p>2. Here, we report the effects of spatial reef configuration on early colonization of marine organisms after restoring boulder reef habitats. Reefs were restored in single large (SL) and several small (SS) designs in the western Baltic Sea, where century-long boulder extraction has severely degraded large reef areas and likely exacerbated regional declines in commercially important gadoids (<i>Gadidae spp.</i>). We sampled the field sites using remote underwater video systems in a before-after control-impact (BACI) design and obtained probabilistic inferences on restoration and SLOSS effects from Bayesian hierarchical models.</p> <p>3. Probabilities of a positive restoration effect were high (>95%) for gadoids, labrids and demersal gobies, moderate (60-75%) for species richness and sand gobies, and low (<5%) for flatfish abundance. Notably, gadoid abundance increased 60-fold and 129-fold on average at SL and SS, respectively. The species composition at restored reefs deviated from control sites, mainly driven by large-bodied piscivores.</p> <p>4. Spatial reef configuration had the strongest effect on small-bodied mesopredators, including gobies, which were more abundant and driving a distinct species assemblage at SS. In addition to providing suitable conditions for reef species, results suggest that SS can also benefit soft-bottom taxa, possibly through a dispersed predator-mediated effect relative to SL. </p> <p><i>5. Synthesis and applications.</i> This study demonstrates that boulder reef restoration can strongly promote the abundance of exploited gadoids and is therefore a promising management tool to support top-down controls by predatory fishes in degraded marine systems. The higher abundance of mesopredators at SS reefs suggests that SLOSS could have long-term implications for trophic structure and resilience of restored habitats, and should therefore become an important facet within restoration strategies. </p>
Figure 1 in Cryptic genetic diversity and host specificity of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Eucestoda: Bothriocephalidea)
Figure 1. Sample localities of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi studied in China. The code number is corresponding to the locality in Table 1.
Figiure 3 in Cryptic genetic diversity and host specificity of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Eucestoda: Bothriocephalidea)
Figiure 3. Phylogenetic relationships of Bothriocephalus based on the ribosoml internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS1+ITS2) using maximum likelihood (ML) method. Numbers near branch node are the bootstrap support value for ML, maximum parsimoy (MP), and posterior probability for Bayesian inference (BI).
Fig. 40 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 40. Boaedon fuliginosus (Boie), sphenoid bone from AMNH R-11996, ×8.7. A. Ventral (external) side. B. Dorsal (intracranial) side. Abbreviations: aac, anterior orifice of abducens canal (opening into Vidian canal); aoVc, anterior orifice of Vidian canal for the conjoined VII palatine and V4 levator bulbi nerves; imc, intermuscular crest, between deep and superficial heads of the protractor pterygoideus; pac, posterior orifice of abducens canal; poVc, posterior orifice of Vidian canal, shared by carotid artery and VII palatine; pvc, pituitary vein canal, also for entry of V4 levator bulbi into the cavum epiptericum; sfs, feebly developed suborbital flange, which barely extends lateral to the sphenoid-parietal contact and is medial to the retractor vomeris; tr, pit for trabecular cartilage; Vc, Vidian canal, an unroofed grove containing the joined VII palatine and V4 levator bulbi (retractor pterygoideus or mammalian deep petrosal) nerves, which together form a Vidian nerve, sensu stricto.
Fig. 38 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 38. Relationships of lateral levator bulbi (lbl) and medial levator bulbi (lbm) muscles to the Vidian nerve (vn) in some elethinophidian snakes: A. Acrochordus granulatus (AMNH R-14185); B. Tropidophis melanurus (AMNH R-82878); C. Loxocemus bicolor (AMNH R-99151); D. Ungaliophis continentalis (AMNH R-93813); E. Anilius scytale (AMNH R-54986); F. Python molurus (AMNH R- 3224); G. Calabaria reinhardtii (AMNH R-11718); H. Nerodia cyclopion (Carolina Biological Supply Co.). Other abbreviations: lp, levator pterygoideus; pp, protractor pterygoideus; pq, protractor quadrati.
Fig. 37 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 37. Diagrams of the braincase, with parietal bone attached, showing the pathways of trigeminal and facial nerve branches. A. Ctenosaura, a generalized lizard (after Oelrich, 1956, and a specimen from Carolina Biological Supply Co.). B. An alethinophidian snake (simplified and composite, but essentially as in Python). Abbreviations: bp, basipterygoid process; cr, communicating ramus between levator bulbi nerves and palatine ramus of the facial nerve; lbm, levator bulbi muscle (retractor arcus palatini and retractor vomeris muscles in snake); PA, parietal bone; vn, Vidian nerve in strict sense of mammalian anatomy, formed from conjoined palatine ramus of facial nerve and levator bulbi (deep petrosal) nerve; V1, deep ophthalmic ramus of trigeminal nerve; V2, maxillary ramus of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve; V41b, levator bulbi nerve (probably homologous to the mammalian deep petrosal nerve); V41p, levator pterygoideus nerve; V4pp, protractor pterygoideus nerve; VIIh, hyomandibular ramus of facial nerve; VIIp, palatine ramus of facial nerve (homologous to the greater superficial petrosal nerve of mammals).
Fig. 36 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 36. Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied, 1824). Left. One of two unnumbered folio plates showing ''Coluber rabdocephalus'' in the Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens (Wied, 1827 [1822–1831], Lief. 10). Right. Same specimen, now AMNH R-3609, lectotype by present designation. This specimen suffered some decomposition in the past, with the body becoming very soft and breaking completely in two parts (arrows show place of break). Telling points of resemblance between painting and specimen are numbered: 1. Longitudinal white line on neck, terminating Y-shaped at first dorsal crossband; 2–6. Anterior and posterior pale edges of dorsal crossbands, showing both resemblances and minor copying errors; asterisk (*) denotes the undivided anal plate. The resemblance between the painting and specimen is very close, allowing for the inevitable accumulated copying errors (i.e., Wied's original pen-and-ink watercolor was copied from life and it in turn was copied by an artist for the published plate).
Fig. 35 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 35. One of two unnumbered folio plates labeled ''Coluber rabdocephalus'' in the Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens by Wied (1827 [1822–1831], Lief. 10). The specimen portrayed is no longer extant; it would be a syntype by modern standards.
Fig. 27. A, B in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 27. A, B. Hemipenis of Enulius flavitorques in sulcate and asulcate view. Left organ of AMNH R- 107406, measuring 6.5 mm from base to crown between apical projections, which are about 2.5 mm long. C. Hemipenis of ''Enuliophis'' sclateri, roughly ×6.3. From McCranie and Villa (1993: fig. 1, ''organ 10.6 mm'').
Fig. 31 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 31. Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato. Living specimens from widely separated parts of its geographic range. A. A juvenile from eastern Panama (Darién, Río Jaque´, 1.5 km above Río Imamadó, 50 m; AMNH R-113392; tentatively assigned to X. angustirostris W. Peters; compare juvenile in figure 30B from western Colombia). B. An adult from Venezuela (Tapirapeco Expedition base camp, 150 m, upper Río Mavaca, Amazonas; AMNH R-134207. Not assigned to species; X. ''rabdocephalus'' barely enters Venezuela.) Photographs by C.W. Myers.
Fig. 20 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 20. Hemipenis of Xenodon suspectus Cope; left retracted organ of AMNH R-52175 (see fig. 32). The basal half of the organ and the left lobe were opened midventrally, essentially along (and destroying) the sulcus spermaticus. Inset: Greatly enlarged terminus of left lobe, showing an apical cluster of narrow spines.
Fig. 12 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 12. Maxillary dentition of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger). Right maxilla of AMNH R- 125695, in lateral and ventral view. Arrangement of tooth sockets shows a slight lateral offset of the last tooth behind the diastema; the offset is more pronounced in most other ''xenodontines,'' although a few genera have the posterior maxillary teeth arranged in a straight line configuration.
Fig. 9 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 9. Uneverted hemipenis of Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger); right organ of AMNH R-125695, opened by midventral incision, ×5. Abbreviation: STB, smooth terminal basin.
Fig. 6 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 6. Eutrachelophis steinbachi (Boulenger). The paralectotype (BMNH 1946.1.21.63), a juvenile male shown 1.6× life size.
Fig. 19 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 19. Everted hemipenis of Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato, in sulcate view. Right organ of AMNH R-81935, manually everted (terminus of right lobe burst), from central Panama. Inset: Greatly enlarged terminus of left lobe, showing nude tip lacking an apical disc. The name Xenodon angustirostris W. Peters, 1864, is resurrected herein for populations of X. ''rabdocephalus'' characterized by this kind of hemipenis (compare hemipenis with apical disc in fig. 18).
Fig. 34 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 34. Xenodon. severus (Linnaeus), AMNH R-3606. This is one of two existing specimens of Xenodon in Prince Maximilian's Brazilian collection at the American Museum. It is cataloged as ''Xenodon rhabocephalus [5 rabdocephalus],'' but it is not one of the two specimens illustrated in the Abbildungen (see figs. 35–36). The cataloged locality for this specimen is ''Guiana,'' which seems to have been copied from the Prince's collection catalog (of taxa, not specimens; see text).
Fig. 4 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 4. Eutrachelophis species (MZUSP 10530, head in dorsal and lateral view; a female from Cabeceira do Rio Urucu, central Amazonian Brazil). This unnamed snake appears to be the sister species of E. bassleri. See Remarks and compare with figure 2. Formalin preservation caused the integument of this specimen to become slightly translucent, giving visibility to a large ''supralabial'' gland (SG); this large gland (similarly positioned in all three species of Eutrachelophis) is adherent to the medial side of the supralabial integument. The mucous and serous (Duvernoy's) parts of the gland cannot be distinguished in Eutrachelophis without histological examination.
Fig. 15. A in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters
Fig. 15. A. Taeniophallus nicagus (Cope). This small Brazilian snake resembles Eutrachelophis in having 15 dorsal scale rows and an ocellar nuchal pattern. It differs in hemipenial characters from closely related congeners and from all other xenodontines (and nearly all dipsadines) in having an unforked sulcus spermaticus. B. Taeniophallus occipitalis (Jan), a Brazilian specimen. This species displays considerable variation in the head and nuchal color pattern, sometimes resembling T. nicagus above (cf., T. occipitalis in Myers, 1974: fig. 48) (photographs by Marcio Martins).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.