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opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Evaluating drivers of female dominance in the spotted hyena: R code and data

Introduction: Dominance relationships in which females dominate males are rare among mammals. Mechanistic hypotheses explaining the occurrence of female dominance suggest that females dominate males because 1) they are intrinsically more aggressive or less submissive than males, and/or 2) they have access to more social support than males. Methods: Here, we examine the determinants of female dominance across ontogenetic development in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) using 30 years of detailed behavioral observations from the Mara Hyena Project to evaluate these two hypotheses. Results: Among adult hyenas, we find that females spontaneously aggress at higher rates than males, whereas males spontaneously submit at higher rates than females. Once an aggressive interaction has been initiated, adult females are more likely than immigrant males to elicit submission from members of the opposite sex, and both adult natal and immigrant males are more likely than adult females to offer submission in response to an aggressive act. We also find that adult male aggressors are more likely to receive social support than adult female aggressors, and that both adult natal and immigrant males are 2-3 times more likely to receive support when attacking a female than when attacking another male. Across all age classes, females are more likely than males to be targets of aggressive acts that occur with support. Further, receiving social support does slightly help immigrant males elicit submission from adult females compared to immigrant males acting alone, and it also helps females elicit submission from other females. However, adult females can dominate immigrant males with or without support far more often than immigrant males can dominate females, even when the immigrants are supported against females. Discussion: Overall, we find evidence for both mechanisms hypothesized to mediate female dominance in this species: 1) male and female hyenas clearly differ in their aggressive and submissive tendencies, and 2) realized social support plays an important role in shaping dominance relationships within a clan. Nevertheless, our results suggest that social support alone cannot explain sex-biased dominance in spotted hyenas. Although realized social support can certainly influence fight outcomes among females, adult females can easily dominate immigrant males without any support at all.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Multiscale assessment of oviposition habitat associations and implications for management in the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), an emerging invasive pest

1. Control of incipient invaders—established invasive species in the early stages of spreading—can be inhibited by incomplete knowledge of the species' habitat use. By identifying consistent habitat associations for incipient invaders early, control efforts can be more effective. Yet, because habitat associations are the result of multiscale processes, approaches are needed for integrating data collected across scales to identify them. 2. We employed a hierarchical, multiscale approach to identify oviposition habitat associations in the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), an incipient invasive species of high concern in the United States. We targeted four oviposition habitat spatial scales most likely to be used by lanternflies and the spatial scales of explanatory habitat variables most easily used by managers to locate egg masses to control. 3. Spotted lanternflies exhibited oviposition habitat associations at the landscape, site, and tree scales. Overall, lanternflies oviposited more frequently at sites and on trees with low canopy cover in the surrounding landscape indicating higher use of human-impacted habitat. Additionally, they oviposited more frequently on trees from the Acer genus and in the crowns of larger trees beyond the reach of managers without special equipment. The duration a site had been invaded had opposing effects on oviposition at the site and tree scales. 4. Despite high variation in the number of eggs per egg mass, no habitat variables explained this variation, suggesting more work is needed to understand spotted lanternfly reproductive output. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a multiscale approach is needed for spotted lanternfly control with unique strategies for locating egg masses at sites and on trees that vary in invasion duration. Specifically, at younger sites at the invasion edge, managers should expect patchy colonization of sites, yet when a site is colonized, many trees will have egg masses. Comparatively, older sites at the invasion core are more likely to have egg masses present, yet often at a lower density, which may make them difficult to find on individual trees. Based on our results, we assert that multiscale investigations of habitat associations would likely inform the control of other incipient invasive species as well.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data From: Spot-fire distance increases disproportionately for wildfires compared to prescribed fires as grasslands transition to Juniperus woodlands

Woody encroachment is one of the greatest threats to grasslands globally, depleting a suite of ecosystem services, including forage production and grassland biodiversity. Recent evidence also suggests that woody encroachment increases wildfire danger, particularly in the Great Plains of North America, where highly volatile Juniperus spp. convert grasslands to an alternative woodland state. Spot-fire distances are a critical component of wildfire danger, describing the distance over which embers from one fire can cause a new fire ignition, potentially far away from fire suppression personnel. We assess changes in spot-fire distances as grasslands experience Juniperus encroachment to an alternative woodland state and how spot-fire distances differ under typical prescribed fire conditions compared to conditions observed during wildfire. We use BehavePlus to calculate spot-fire distances for these scenarios within the Loess Canyons Experimental Landscape, Nebraska, U.S.A., a 73,000-ha ecoregion where private-lands fire management is used to reduce woody encroachment and prevent further expansion of Juniperus fuels. We found prescribed fire used to control woody encroachment had lower maximum spot-fire distances compared to wildfires and, correspondingly, a lower amount of land area at risk to spot-fire occurrence. Under more extreme wildfire scenarios, spot-fire distances were 2 times higher in grasslands, and over 3 times higher in encroached grasslands and Juniperus woodlands compared to fires burned under prescribed fire conditions. Maximum spot-fire distance was 450% greater in Juniperus woodlands compared to grasslands and exposed an additional 14,000 ha of receptive fuels, on average, to spot-fire occurrence within the Loess Canyons Experimental Landscape. This study demonstrates that woody encroachment drastically increases risks associated with wildfire, and that spot fire distances associated with woody encroachment are much lower in prescribed fires used to control woody encroachment compared to wildfires.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2012View details →

Fig. 23 in A new species of Diopsis L. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from South Africa and Swaziland, and brief review of African species with a large apical wing spot

Fig. 23. Diopsis stuckenbergi sp. n., eye span plotted against body length.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2012View details →

Fig. 5 in A new species of Diopsis L. (Diptera: Diopsidae) from South Africa and Swaziland, and brief review of African species with a large apical wing spot

Fig. 5. Diopsis eisentrauti, eye span plotted against body length.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer

Raw data of the article: "Fungicide-free management of Alternaria leaf blotch and fruit spot on apple indicates Alternaria spp. as secondary colonizer", DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35448-2 -->see Read Me file

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Spot test and spore count assay data for combinations of dictyostelid hosts infected by Paraburkholderia spp.

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum engages in a complex relationship with bacterial endosymbionts in the genus Paraburkholderia, which can benefit their host by imbuing it with the ability to carry prey bacteria throughout its life cycle. The relationship between D. discoideum and Paraburkholderia has been shown to take place across many strains and a large geographical area, but little is known about Paraburkholderia's potential interaction with other dictyostelid species. We explore the ability of three Paraburkholderia species to stably infect and induce bacterial carriage in other dictyostelid hosts. We found that all three Paraburkholderia species successfully infected and induced carriage in seven species of Dictyostelium hosts. While the overall behavior was qualitatively similar to that previously observed in infections of D. discoideum, differences in the outcomes of different host/symbiont combinations suggest a degree of specialization between partners. Paraburkholderia was unable to maintain a stable association with the more distantly related host Polysphondylium violaceum. Our results suggest that the mechanisms and evolutionary history of Paraburkholderia's symbiotic relationships may be general within Dictyostelium hosts, but not so general that it can associate with hosts of other genera. Our work further develops a emerging model system for the study of symbiosis in microbes.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Geospatial data from: Identifying opportunity hot spots for reducing the risk of wildfire-caused carbon loss in western US conifer forests

The geospatial dataset includes raster and vector data for visualizing the spatial distribution of risk of wildfire-caused carbon loss in Peeler et al. 2023. Raster data evaluate carbon exposure, sensitivity, and vulnerability at the pixel-level across western US carbon forests. Vector data aggregate pixel-level findings into project area and fireshed spatial units to identify target geographies (or "opportunity hot spots") where proactive forest management could reduce the greatest risk from wildfire to carbon. Vector data also identifies firesheds in which proactive forest management could simultaneously reduce the risk from wildfire to carbon and human communities.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Dataset used in the study "Urban microclimate simulations based on GIS data to mitigate thermal hot-spots: Tree design scenarios in an industrial area of Florence"

This dataset repository includes input and output spatial data of urban microclimate simulations performed through QGIS and ENVI-met software used in the study "Urban microclimate simulations based on GIS data to mitigate thermal hot-spots: Tree design scenarios in an industrial area of Florence", published in the Building and Environment Journal, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110854">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110854</a>.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

DSText V2: A Comprehensive Video Text Spotting Dataset for Dense and Small Text

Recently, video text detection, tracking, and recognition in natural scenes are becoming very popular in the computer vision community.However, most existing algorithms and benchmarks focus on common text cases~(\eg normal size, density) and single scenario, while ignoring extreme video text challenges, \ie{} dense and small text in various scenarios. In this paper, we establish a video text reading benchmark, named DSText V2, which focuses on \textbf{D}ense and \textbf{S}mall text reading challenges in the video with various scenarios. Compared with the previous datasets, the proposed dataset mainly include three new challenges: 1) Dense video texts, a new challenge for video text spotters to track and read. 2) High-proportioned small texts, coupled with the blurriness and distortion in the video, will bring further challenges. 3) Various new scenarios, \eg{} `Game', `Sports', etc. The proposed DSText V2 includes 140 video clips from 7 open scenarios, supporting three tasks, \ie{} video text detection (Task 1), video text tracking (Task 2), and end-to-end video text spotting (Task 3). In this article, we describe detailed statistical information of the dataset, tasks, evaluation protocols, and the results summaries. Most importantly, a thorough investigation and analysis targeting three unique challenges derived from our dataset are provided, aiming to provide new insights. Moreover, we hope the benchmark will promise video text research in the community. DSText v2 is built upon DSText v1, which was previously introduced to organize the ICDAR 2023 competition for dense and small video text.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

Clinical Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Varnish in Reducing Gingival Hyperplasia, Plaque Accumulation, and White Spot Lesions in Orthodontic Patients

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07115784. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

The Spot Sign for Predicting and Treating ICH Growth Study

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00810888. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

Dried Blood Spot Test to Assess TB in Pregnancy

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04871230. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Monitoring Using Dried Blood Spots

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02022657. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.

Spot Urinary Analysis to Assess Loop Diuretic Efficiency in Stable Heart Failure

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02288819. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.

Developing E-liquid Product Standards (Sweet Spot Study)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05864586. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Topical 10% Povidone-Iodine in Preventing White Spots

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06616207. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

Diuretic Treatment in Acute Heart Failure With Volume Overload Guided by Serial Spot Urine Sodium Assessment

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05411991. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

The Cellular Pharmacology of F-TAF in Dried Blood Spots

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02962739. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

Effect of MI Paste Plus™ on Streptococcus Mutans and White Spot Lesions in Fixed Orthodontics

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07244991. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.