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Figure 2 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 2. An egg clutch of Pseudopaludicola saltica. Individual eggs (arrows) can be seen as the spheres covered with sand grains. Scale about 15 mm.

Figure 1 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 1. Egg-releasing behaviour of two Pseudopaludicola species. Upper panel, an amplectant pair of Pseudopaludicola saltica. The female has her front and hind limbs extended and the male has his feet close to their cloacae; note also that the oviposited eggs are within a circle around the couple (arrows); the egg jelly layers were not yet hydrated. This couple was laying eggs in water about 5 mm deep. Lower panel, an amplectant pair of Pseudopaludicola mystacalis. The couple is completely underwater, the female has her hind legs a little bit extended and the male has his feet in close contact with their cloacae.

Figure 4 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 4. Diagram of the oral apparatuses of the studied Pseudopaludicola and Physalaemus tadpoles. (A) Pattern found in Pseudopaludicola saltica, Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pseudopaludicola ternetzi and a few Pseudopaludicola aff. canga. (B) Most common pattern found in most Pseudopaludicola aff. canga. (C) Pattern found in both Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus centralis. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. Corresponding pictures in Figure 5.

Figure 3 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 3. Left side view of the tadpole of the Pseudopaludicola species studied. (A) Pseudopaludicola saltica, (B) Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, (C) Pseudopaludicola aff. canga, (D) Pseudopaludicola ternetzi. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Scales 11.5, 9.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mm for A, B, C and D, respectively.

Figure 3 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil

Figure 3. Number of Phasmahyla jandaia individuals in developmental Class I (line) and in the Sub-class I.1 (dotted line; see Material and methods) in the pool formed by the dam of the Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), from June 2002 to May 2003 and from August 2004 to November 2005. Arrows indicate detected tadpole recruitments into the population. Each mark on the x-axis corresponds to one sampling, and samplings were separated by 15 days. The corresponding month is provided every two samplings.

Figure 4 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil

Figure 4. Number of Phasmahyla jandaia tadpoles by developmental classes: (A) Class I; (B) Class II; (C) Class III; (D) Class IV; (E) Class V; (F) Class VI; (G) Class VII; (H) Class VIII; (I) Class IX; (J) Class X, recorded every 15 days, in the pool formed by the dam of the Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), between June 2002 and May 2003 and August 2004 and November 2005. Brackets indicate a large cohort that was used to estimate developmental period.

Figure 2 in Development and demography of Phasmahyla jandaia (Bokermann and Sazima, 1978) (Anura, Hylidae) tadpoles in an Atlantic Forest site, southeastern Brazil

Figure 2. Total number of individuals of Phasmahyla jandaia in the pool formed by the dam of Estação Ecológica de Fechos, Nova Lima (Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil), from June 2002 to May 2003 (Jun to Apr on x-axis) and from August 2004 to November 2005 (Aug to Oct on x-axis). Each mark on the x-axis corresponds to one sampling, and samplings were separated by 15 days. The corresponding month is provided every two samplings.

FIGURE 16 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 16. Modeled suprarostrals along the first three eigenshapes, at minimum, 25%, 50%, 75%, and maximum scores. Open curves, more evident on ES2 models, are due to the modeling technique, which generates mathematically constructed shapes (MacLeod 1999; Krieger et al. 2007). Figures within the squares at right show overlapped curves to highlight places where the shape change is more evident: ES1 shows a change at the corpus-ala ventral junction, ES2 is mainly associated with alae shortening and dorsolateral process orientation, and ES3 reveals a slight change on corpusala dorsal junction. Note also the minimum number of points calculated by EEA to describe each outline segment (i.e., 3, 13, 23, 28, and 19).

FIGURE 15 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 15. Extended eigenshape analysis on suprarostral cartilages. A high superposition among specimens is evident, and ES3 helps to discriminate species that overlap on ES1-ES2 morphospace. The classification according to biogeographical regions is based on Laurent (1970) and Olson et al. (1998).

FIGURE 14 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 14. Principal component analysis on the combined matrices of chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton shape variables (almost identical to the PCA on the hyobranchial skeleton matrix). The discrimination of species is clearer on the PC2; grids depict modeled specimens on this axis, with maximum (top) and minimum (bottom) scores. Shape change implies a slight enlargement of the relative size of the branchial basket (enclosed area), and a widening of the buccal pocket (arrow). The classification according to biogeographical regions is based on Laurent (1970) and Olson et al. (1998).

FIGURE 10 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 10. Detail of the diaphragm muscles, with the apparently typical disposition in Telmatobius. The photograph corresponds to T. ceiorum. d diaphragm, ms medial slip, ih interhyoideus, ihp interhyoideus posterior, o operculum, oh orbitohyoideus, ra rectus abdominis. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Telmatobius atacamensis buccal cavity, stage 36 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 3. Telmatobius atacamensis buccal cavity, stage 36. (A) Buccal roof, (B) Buccal floor. bfa buccal floor arena, bfp buccal floor papilla, bp buccal pocket, bra buccal roof arena, brp buccal roof papilla, dv dorsal velum, gz glandular zone, ilp infralabial papilla, in internal nare, lp lingual papilla, lrp lateral ridge papilla, mr median ridge, mrp median ridge papilla, pna prenarial arena, pnp prenarial papilla, ptna postnarial arena, ptnp postnarial papilla, s spur, ta tongue anlage, vv ventral velum. Yellow lines show the two (roof) and three (floor) papilla arrangements. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 2. Labial teeth in Telmatobius (tooth row A1). Lateral (top) and frontal (bottom) views; Ta T. atacamensis, Tc T. ceiorum, Tl T. laticeps, To T. oxycephalus, Tp T. pinguiculus, Tpi T. pisanoi, Ts T. cf. schreiteri, Tsc T. scrocchii, Tst T. stephani. Magnification = 1000x, excepting T. laticeps and T. pinguiculus, with magnification = 400x.

FIGURE 6 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 6. Telmatobius atacamensis chondrocranium and hyobranchial skeleton, stage 34. (A) Neurocranium, dorsal view (B) Hyobranchial skeleton, ventral view (C) Detail of upper and lower jaw cartilages, frontal and ventral views respectively. a ala, adc adrostral cartilage, alpc anterolateral process of ceratohyal, alpo anterolateral process of the otic capsule, anp antorbital process, apc anterior process of ceratohyal, arp articular process, asp ascending process, bb basibranchial, c corpus, cb(I-IV) ceratobranchial, ch ceratohyal, fp frontoparietal, hp hypobranchial plate, ic infrarostral cartilage, lpc lateral process of ceratohyal, mc meckel's cartilage, mp muscular process, ns nasal septum, oc otic capsule, plpo posterolateral process of the otic capsule, pp pseudopterygoid process, ppc posterior process of ceratohyal, pr pars reuniens, qc quadratocranial commissure, qp quadratoethmoid process, rp retroarticular process, sb subocular bar, sf subocular fenestra, tc terminal commissure, th trabecular horn, ts tectum synoticum, ttm taenia tecti marginalis, up urobranchial process. Scale lines = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 5. Buccal floors in other Telmatobius. Tc T. ceiorum, Tl T. laticeps, To T. oxycephalus, Tp T. pinguiculus, Ts T. cf. schreiteri, Tsc T. scrocchii, Tst T. stephani. T. pisanoi picture is not shown because after examination the specimen was too destroyed to be photographed. Scale lines = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 1. Oral apparatus in Telmatobius. T. ceiorum, frontal view. The arrows show commissural and lower labium submarginal papillae. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 9. Telmatobius laticeps musculature, stage 31 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 9. Telmatobius laticeps musculature, stage 31 (A) Dorsal view (B) Ventral view (C) Lateral view (D) Detail of the muscles of the muscular process; mm. orbitohyoideus and hyoangularis have been removed, in order to show the insertions of mm. quadratoangularis, suspensorioangularis, and suspensoriohyoideus. cb (II–IV) constrictor branchialis, cl constrictor laryngis, db diaphragmatobranchialis, dl dilatator laryngis, gh geniohyoideus, ha hyoangularis, ih interhyoideus, im intermandibularis, lab (I–IV) levator arcuum branchialis, lma levator mandibulae articularis, lmep levator mandibulae externus profundus, lmes levator mandibulae externus superficialis, lmi levator mandibulae internus, lml levator mandibulae lateralis, lmlp levator mandibulae longus profundus, lmls levator mandibulae longus superficialis, ml mandibulolabialis, oh orbitohyoideus, qa quadratoangularis, rc rectus cervicis, sa suspensorioangularis, sh suspensoriohyoideus, so subarcualis obliquus, sr (I–IV) subarcualis rectus, tp tympanopharyngeus. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 8. Hyobranchial skeletons in other Telmatobius. Tc T. ceiorum, Tl T. laticeps, To T. oxycephalus, Tp T. pinguiculus, Tpi T. pisanoi, Ts T. cf. schreiteri, Tsc T. scrocchii, Tst T. stephani. Scale lines = 1 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 13. Detail of the m. rectus abdominis frequent pattern in Telmatobius, with a medial slip inserting on the ventral surface of the diaphragm and extending anteriorly reaching the palatoquadrate articular process (arrow). The photograph corresponds to T. pinguiculus. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 12 in Larval anatomy of Andean tadpoles of Telmatobius (Anura: Ceratophryidae) from Northwestern Argentina

FIGURE 12. Detail of the mm. levator arcuum branchialium IV, tympanopharyngeus, and dilatator laryngis in Telmatobius. The photograph corresponds to T. pinguiculus. Scale line = 1 mm.