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Figure 11. Torrenticola costaricense. A–D in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 11. Torrenticola costaricense. A–D, holotype male (CR 142); E, male (CR 25). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum with right palp, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view; E, genital skeleton, anterior view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 29. Torrenticola guanacastensis. A–D in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 29. Torrenticola guanacastensis. A–D, female (CR 281). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum with right palp, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 9 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 9. SEM photographs of the gnathosoma of Torrenticola. A, lateral view of gnathosoma, Torrenticola pervagata, magnification 950×, scale bar = 50 µm; B, lateral view of right palp, Torrenticola alargada, magnification 1500×, scale bar = 50 µm; C, lateral view of right palp, Torrenticola ratoncitoi, female, magnification 1800×, scale bar = 50 µm; D, lateral view of rostrum, medial view of left palp, Torrenticola guanacastensis, magnification 3000×, scale bar = 50 µm; E, mouth-opening at tip of rostrum, Torrenticola pervagata, magnification 22000×, scale bar = 5 µm; F, dorsal bristle at P2, Torrenticola pervagata, magnification 9000×, scale bar = 10 µm; G, antero-dorsal view of palp, P5 and distal tip of P4, magnification 13 520×, scale bar = 10 µm.

Figure 7 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 7. SEM photographs of Torrenticola. A, ventral view of idiosoma and gnathosoma of Torrenticola pervagata female; gnathosoma, legs, complete ventral armour, genital field, margin of primary sclerotization and excretory pore clearly visible, magnification 200×, scale bar = 100 µm; B, spout-shaped opening of Cxgl-4 at tip of Cx-I, Torrenticola pervagata female, magnification 15 000×, scale bar = 5 µm; C, spout-shaped opening of Cxgl-4 at tip of Cx-I, Torrenticola conirostris/ rala-complex male, magnification 18 000×, scale bar = 5 µm; D, Cxgl-2, gland opening and seta between Cx-II and Cx-III (the seta accompanying the gland is terminally frayed in three fibres), Torrenticola pervagata female, magnification 12 000×, scale bar = 10 µm; E, terminal claws with clawlets at leg-I-6, Torrenticola pervagata female, magnification 6000×, scale bar = 10 µm; F, posterior acetabula (see porous surface), setae at medial margin of genital flap, Torrenticola pervagata female, magnification 12 000×, scale bar = 10 µm.

Figure 5 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 5. SEM photographs of Torrenticola pervagata. A, antero-lateral view of idiosoma (dorsal armour, anterior part of the ventral armour, legs) and gnathosoma, magnification 275×, scale bar = 100 µm; B, antero-lateral platelet bearing Dgl-3 and postocular seta, in the background dorsal plate with Dgl-4, in the foreground striated soft integument between dorsal and ventral armour bearing Lgl-1 and lyrifissure l2, at right margin antero-median platelet with Dgl-2, at left margin postero-lateral platelet, magnification 1250×, scale bar = 50 µm; C, detail of antero-median platelet with Dgl-2, in the background dorsal plate, magnification 5500×, scale bar = 10 µm; D, cross-section through dorsal plate, in the foreground layered structure of integument and porous channels, in the background dorsal surface, magnification 6500×, scale bar = 10 µm; E, frontal platelet bearing the lateral eyes, preocular seta, Dgl-1 and lyrifissure l1, in the background dorsal plate and antero-medial platelet with Dgl-2, magnification 2000×, scale bar = 50 µm.

Figure 4 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 4. General morphology of water mites of the genus Torrenticola and measured distances; anterior view of the genital skeleton. Torrenticola amala, male. Measurements: 41 – genital skeleton tL; 42 – genital skeleton aL; 43 – genital skeleton W.

Figure 21. Torrenticola menudopalpis. A, B, E in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 21. Torrenticola menudopalpis. A, B, E, male (CR 208); C, D, holotype male (CR 137). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum with right palp, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view; E, genital skeleton, anterior view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 3 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 3. General morphology of water mites of the genus Torrenticola and measured distances; lateral view of the capitulum with right palp and chelicera, medial view of left palp. Torrenticola amala, female. See text for abbreviations of body parts. Measurements: 21 – capitulum vL; 22 – capitulum dL; 23 – rostrum L; 24 – capitulum H; 25 – capitular bend depth; 26 – chelicera H; 27 – chelicera bs L; 28 – cheliceral claw L; 29 – P1 dL; 30 – P2 dL; 31 – P3 dL; 32 – P4 dL; 33 – P5 dL; 34 – P1 H; 35 – P2 H; 36 – P3 H; 37 – P4 H; 38 – P5 H; 39 – P4 vL; 40 – P4 vL to proximal seta.

Figure 26. Torrenticola dispersa. A, B in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 26. Torrenticola dispersa. A, B, holotype male (CR 14); C–E, male (CR 104). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum with right palp, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view; E, genital skeleton, anterior view (apically damaged). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 2 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 2. General morphology of water mites of the genus Torrenticola and measured distances; dorsal view of the idiosoma. Torrenticola amala, female. See text for abbreviations of body parts. Measurements: 14 – dorsal shield L; 15 – dorsal plate L; 16 – dorsal shield W; 17 – antero-medial platelet L; 18 – antero-medial platelet W; 19 – antero-lateral platelet L; 20 – antero-lateral platelet W. Eyes, dgl-1, pr and most lyrifissures are lost in preparation.

Figure 20. Torrenticola kurtvietsi. A–E in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 20. Torrenticola kurtvietsi. A–E, male, prep. Cramer; F, G, female, prep. Cramer; A, C, D, F, G after Cramer (1992); B, E after Cramer (1988). A, F, idiosoma, ventral view; B, capitulum, lateral view; C, right palp, lateral view; D, first leg distal segments; E, genital skeleton, anterior view; G, idiosoma, dorsal view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 1 in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 1. General morphology of water mites of the genus Torrenticola and measured distances; ventral view of the idiosoma. Torrenticola amala, female. See text for abbreviations of body parts. Measurements: 1 – idiosoma L; 2 – idiosoma W; 3 – Cx-I tL; 4 – Cx-III W; 5 – capitular bay L (depth); 6 – capitular bay W; 7 – distance capitular bay – genital field; 8 – Cx-I mL; 9 – Cx-II + III mL; 10 – genital field L; 11 – genital field W; 12 – distance genital field – excretory pore; 13 – distance genital field – cauda.

Figure 15. Torrenticola gradaticoxalis. A–D in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 15. Torrenticola gradaticoxalis. A–D, holotype male, prep. no. 5678 SMF, Viets collection; E, allotype female, prep. no. 5727 SMF, Viets collection; after K.O. Viets (1977/78, Teil I). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view; E, genital field and central part of coxal field. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 31. Torrenticola lamellipalpis. A, B, D, E in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 31. Torrenticola lamellipalpis. A, B, D, E, allotype female, prep. no. 5718 SMF Viets collection; C, paratype female, prep. no. 5847 SMF Viets collection; after K.O. Viets (1977/78, Teil I). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, capitulum, dorsal view; C, capitulum, lateral view; D, chelicera, lateral view; E, right palp, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 27. Torrenticola dispersa. A–D in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 27. Torrenticola dispersa. A–D, female (CR 70). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum with right palp, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 14. Torrenticola fontinale. A–D in Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)

Figure 14. Torrenticola fontinale. A–D, paratype female (CR 201). A, idiosoma, ventral view; B, idiosoma, dorsal view; C, capitulum with right palp, lateral view; D, left palp, medial view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 11 in A quantitative method for collecting water mites in lotic, riffle-run habitats for water quality biomonitoring

Figure 11 An example of how water mites appear under a stereoscope. a – water mites of mixed taxa in a single sample ready to be sorted through and identified; b – water mites belonging to the genusTestudacarus and their easily observable characteristic dorsal plates; c – water mites belonging to the genusKongsbergia and their easily distinguishable posterior body shape.

Figure 6 in A quantitative method for collecting water mites in lotic, riffle-run habitats for water quality biomonitoring

Figure 6 The sieving process proposed in this manuscript. a – collector fills the composited sample container with water and shakes the container for approximately 10 seconds; b – immediately after shaking the collector removes the lid and pours the water through the 3mm and 250 μm sieves; c and d – the 3mm will be placed on top of the 250 μm sieve so it can filter out larger sized substrate and debris. This process is repeated 10x.

Figure 5 in A quantitative method for collecting water mites in lotic, riffle-run habitats for water quality biomonitoring

Figure 5 An example of the collector emptying the net contents from the first of four site collections into sample container; the next three site

Figure 2 in A quantitative method for collecting water mites in lotic, riffle-run habitats for water quality biomonitoring

Figure 2 Collection nets discussed in this manuscript. a – a standard, commercially available, truncated D-frame net with 500 μm mesh; b – our custom made, non-truncated D-frame net with 250 μm mesh.