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7,883 results for “Tropic”
Data from: Abundance and morphometry changes across the high-mountain lake-size gradient in the tropical Andes of Southern Ecuador
The number, size, and shape of lakes are key determinants of the ecological functionality of a lake district. The lake area scaling relationships with lake number and volume enable upscaling biogeochemical processes and spatially considering organisms' metapopulation dynamics. These relationships vary regionally depending on the geomorphological context, particularly in the range of lake area <1 km2 and mountainous regions. The Cajas Massif (Southern Ecuador) holds a tropical mountain lake district with 5955 water bodies. The number of lakes deviates from a power law relationship with the lake area at both ends of the size range; similarly to the distributions found in temperate mountain ranges. The deviation of each distribution tail does not respond to the same cause. The marked relief limits the size of the largest lakes at high altitudes, whereas ponds are prompt to a complete infilling. A bathymetry survey of 202 lakes, selected across the full-size range, revealed a volume-area scaling coefficient larger than those found for other lake areas of glacial origin but softer relief. Water renewal time is not consistently proportional to the lake area due to the volume-area variation in midsize lakes. The 85% of the water surface is in lakes >104 m2 and 50% of the water resources are held in a few ones (∼10) deeper than 18 m. Therefore, midlakes and large lakes are by far more biogeochemically relevant than ponds and shallow lakes in this tropical mountain lake district.
Data from: Light regulates tropical symbiotic nitrogen fixation more strongly than soil nitrogen
Nitrogen limits primary production in almost every biome on Earth1,2. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, conducted by certain angiosperms and their endosymbiotic bacteria, is the largest potential natural source of new nitrogen into the biosphere3, influencing global primary production, carbon sequestration and element cycling. Because symbiotic nitrogen fixation represents an alternative to soil nitrogen uptake, much of the work on symbiotic nitrogen fixation regulation has focused on soil nitrogen availability4,5,6,7,8. However, because symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an energetically expensive process9, light availability to the plant may also regulate symbiotic nitrogen fixation rates10,11. Despite the importance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to biosphere functioning, the environmental factors that most strongly regulate this process remain unresolved. Here we show that light regulates symbiotic nitrogen fixation more strongly than does soil nitrogen and that light mediates the response of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to soil nitrogen availability. In a shadehouse experiment, low light levels (comparable with forest understories) completely shut down symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereas soil nitrogen levels that far exceeded plant demand did not fully downregulate symbiotic nitrogen fixation at high light. For in situ forest seedlings, light was a notable predictor of symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity, but soil-extractable nitrogen was not. Light as a primary regulator of symbiotic nitrogen fixation is a departure from decades of focus on soil nitrogen availability. This shift in our understanding of symbiotic nitrogen fixation regulation can resolve a long-standing biogeochemical paradox12, and it will improve our ability to predict how symbiotic nitrogen fixation will fuel the global forest carbon sink and respond to human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle.
FIGURE 3 in A deep water Ascidia (Ascidiidae, Tunicata) from the tropical western Pacific
FIGURE 3. Ascidia alisea sp.nov. A, neural area (stained with hemalum); B, drawing of the same area. C, part of the branchial wall. Scale bar: B = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A deep water Ascidia (Ascidiidae, Tunicata) from the tropical western Pacific
FIGURE 2. Ascidia alisea sp.nov. body removed from the tunic: A, right side: B, left side; C, body opened along the ventral line. Scale bar A–C = 1 cm
FIGURE 4 in A deep water Ascidia (Ascidiidae, Tunicata) from the tropical western Pacific
FIGURE 4. Ascidia alisea sp.nov. A, gut and gonads embedded in the left body wall; B, C, drawings of the external and internal side of the gut, gonads and gonoducts. Scale bar: B, C = 5mm.
FIGURE 60 in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURE 60. Host distribution of Cardicola chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1970 mapped on the phylogeny of the Chaetodontidae (modified from that proposed by Littlewood, et al. (2004)). Boxed species are infected. Chaetodon fremblii was not included in the modified phylogeny because there is a lack of convincing evidence as to its relationships with other Chaetodontidae.
FIGURE 59. ITS2 sequence alignment for putative species sequenced here. Where identical ITS2 in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURE 59. ITS2 sequence alignment for putative species sequenced here. Where identical ITS2 sequences were obtained from sanguinicolids of different host/location combinations (not differentiated by morphological comparisons) only one representative sequence has been included here. Gaps of five spaces delineate the 5' and 3' ends of ITS2 (and subsequent 3' end of 5.8S and the 5' end of 28S).
FIGURES 56–58. Braya jexi n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 56–58. Braya jexi n. sp. 56. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Although spines seen on sucker exact number of concentric rows not clear, spines illustrated to show their presence only. 57. Male terminal genitalia. A. Ventral view. B. Lateral view. Sperm has moved away from the wall of the seminal vesicle to give the appearance of a double wall (and thus illustrate a cirrussac); this is not the case. The male terminal genitalia of Braya n. gen. species consists of a seminal vesicle only. 58. Female terminal genitalia. A. Ventral view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the oviducal seminal receptacle and uterus as they pass posteriorly. B. Lateral view; ovary, oviducal seminal receptacle, and oötype figured only. Scalebars: 200 m.
FIGURE 55. Braya jexi n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURE 55. Braya jexi n. sp. from the atrium (heart) of Scarus frenatus off Heron Island. Adult, whole mount. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsoventral view. Scalebars: 250 m.
FIGURES 51–54. Braya yantschi n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 51–54. Braya yantschi n. sp. from the atrium (heart) of Chlorurus microrhinos off Heron Island. 51. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Specimen rolled ventrally sinistrally, anteriorly and posteriorly. Although broken anterior to intestinal bifurcation major morphological components undamaged. 52. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Although spines seen on sucker exact number of concentric rows not clear, spines illustrated to show their presence only. 53. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. Posterior margin of worm rolled ventrally. 54. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the oviducal seminal receptacle and uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 51, 250 m; 52–54, 200 m.
FIGURES 48–50. Braya psittacus n. g., n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 48–50. Braya psittacus n. g., n. sp. 48. A,B. Anterior region, ventral view. Arrow indicates thin septum separating the vestigial oral sucker from body proper. Spines not seen on specimens due to small size of vestigial oral sucker. 49. A,B. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. Seminal vesicle extends from arrow "a" to arrow "b". 50. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the oviducal seminal receptacle and uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 48A, 49A, 50, 200 m; 48B, 49B, 100 m.
FIGURE 47. Braya psittacus n. g., n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURE 47. Braya psittacus n. g., n. sp. from the atrium (heart) of Scarus ghobban off Heron Island. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Scalebar: 250 m.
FIGURES 44–46. Cardicola chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1970. 44. A,B in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 44–46. Cardicola chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1970. 44. A,B. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Arrow indicates thin septum separating the vestigial oral sucker from body proper. Given the size of the vestigial oral sucker it is not clear if concentric rows of fine spines are present. Tegumental spines not clear on this specimen. 45. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. Seminal vesicle appearing as small terminal expansion of vas deferens, laterally directed. 46. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Oviducal seminal receptacle present, not appearing as conspicuous expansion of oviduct as in other Cardicola species. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 100 m.
FIGURE 43. Cardicola chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1970 in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURE 43. Cardicola chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1970 from the blood vessels of the intestine of Chaetodon reticulatus off Moorea. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Scalebar: 250 m.
FIGURE 1 in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURE 1. Phylogram of relationships between host/parasite/location combinations sequenced here; inferred by distance analysis (HKY85 (Hasegawa et al. 1985)) of complete ITS2 rDNA sequence data from species of Cardicola and Braya n. gen. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of replicates sequences obtained for each combination. Phylogram midpoint rooted as Cardicola forsteri Cribb, Daintith & Munday, 2000 (from Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau)), the intended taxa for outgroup comparisons, was embedded with sanguinicolids from other Scombridae. Nodal support based on bootstrapping (percentage for 1000 replicates). Legend: (A). Cardicola coeptus n. sp.; (B). C. covacinae n. sp.; (C). C. bartolii n. sp.; (D). C. watsonensis n. sp.; (E). C. lafii n. sp.; (F). C. parilus n. sp.; (G). Cardicola sp. 1; (H). C. tantabiddii n. sp.; (I). Cardicola sp. 2; (J). C. milleri n. sp.; (K). C. chaetodontis Yamaguti, 1970; (L). C. forsteri Cribb, Daintith & Munday, 2000; (M). Cardicola sp. 3; (N). Cardicola sp. 4; (O). Braya psittacus n. g., n. sp.; (P). Braya sp. 2; (Q). B. yantschi n. sp.; (R). Braya sp. 1; (S). B. jexi n. sp.
FIGURES 19–22. Cardicola covacinae. n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 19–22. Cardicola covacinae. n. sp. from the bulbus arteriosus (heart) of Siganus punctatus off Heron Island. 19. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Mehlis' gland not seen in this specimen. 20. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. No spines seen on sucker due to very small size of specimen. 21. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. 22. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Vitelline duct omitted from figure as it obscures the path of the uterus as it passes posteriorly. Scalebars: 19, 250 m; 20, 200
FIGURES 35–38. Cardicola parilus n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 35–38. Cardicola parilus n. sp. from the atrium and ventricle (heart) of Siganus fuscescens of Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. 35. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. 36. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. 37. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. Ejaculatory duct directed dorsally. 38. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the oviducal seminal receptacle and uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 35, 100 m; 36–38, 100
FIGURES 15–18. Cardicola coeptus n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 15–18. Cardicola coeptus n. sp. from the atrium and ventricle (heart), and the gills of Siganus punctatus off Heron Island. 15. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Mehlis' gland not seen in this specimen. 16. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Although spines seen on sucker exact number of concentric rows not clear, spines illustrated to show their presence only. 17. Male terminal genitalia, dorsal view. 18. Female terminal genitalia, dorsal view. Vitelline duct omitted from figure as it obscures the path of the uterus as it passes posteriorly. Scalebars: 15, 250 m; 16–18, 100 m.
FIGURES 39–42. Cardicola tantabiddii n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 39–42. Cardicola tantabiddii n. sp. from the atrium and ventricle (heart) of Siganus fuscescens of Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. 39. Adult, whole mount, ventral view. Oesophagus obscured medially by gland cells. Posterior caecal outline not seen, assumed convoluted by coloration of intestinal contents. 40. Anterior region, ventral view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. 41. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. Seminal vesicle tubular, thin. 42. Female terminal genitalia, ventral view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the oviduct, oviducal seminal receptacle and uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 39,41,42, 250 m; 40, 100 m.
FIGURES 31–34. Cardicola lafii n in Cardicola Short, 1953 and Braya n. gen. Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from five families of tropical Indo-Pacific fishes (
FIGURES 31–34. Cardicola lafii n. sp. from the atrium and ventricle (heart) of Siganus fuscescens off Lizard Island. 31. Adult, whole mount, dorsal view. Posterior caeca unclear in outline, path seen as convoluted due to colouration of intestinal contents. 32. Anterior region, dorsal view, showing vestigial oral sucker delimited by fine membrane. Although spines seen on sucker exact number of concentric rows not clear, spines illustrated to show their presence only. 33. Male terminal genitalia, ventral view. 34. Female terminal genitalia, dorsal view. Vitelline duct and vitelline reservoir omitted from figure as they obscure the path of the uterus as they pass posteriorly. Scalebars: 31, 250 m; 32–34, 100 m.
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