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Figure 8. Canonical variate axes 1 and 2 resulting from a in Molecular and morphometric variation in two sibling species of the genus Praomys (Rodentia: Muridae): implications for biogeography

Figure 8. Canonical variate axes 1 and 2 resulting from a canonical variate analysis of Praomys misonnei (males and females) and Praomys tullbergi (males and females). Group centroids (symbols) and extreme limits of each scatter plot of points are indicated. Only specimens previously identified by molecular analyses were included in this analysis.

Figure 5 in Molecular and morphometric variation in two sibling species of the genus Praomys (Rodentia: Muridae): implications for biogeography

Figure 5. Phylogeny of 16S haplotypes resulting from maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis (GTR + I + G model). Numbers at nodes represent ML bootstrap support (1000 replications), and Bayesian posterior probabilities.

Figure 4 in New rodent assemblages from the Eocene Dur At-Talah escarpment (Sahara of central Libya): systematic, biochronological, and palaeobiogeographical implications

Figure 4. Representative vector endpoint diagrams of palaeomagnetic samples analysed from the Dur At-Talah sedimentological sequence. A–C, examples of orthogonal vector diagrams [closed (open) symbols give the horizontal (vertical) component]. Demagnetization temperatures are given in °C, and alternating field in mT. D, equal-area stereographical projection and Fisher's statistics of characteristic NRM directions, the 95% confidence ellipse for the normal mean NRM directions is shown.

Figure 4 in Molecular and morphometric variation in two sibling species of the genus Praomys (Rodentia: Muridae): implications for biogeography

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the distribution of Praomys tullbergi and Praomys misonnei, and of the four P. misonnei populations (clades I–IV) resulting from phylogenetic analyses. Potential extrinsic barriers to gene flow (rivers) are indicated.

Figure 2 in New rodent assemblages from the Eocene Dur At-Talah escarpment (Sahara of central Libya): systematic, biochronological, and palaeobiogeographical implications

Figure 2. Synthetic stratigraphical section and magnetostratigraphy of the Dur At-Talah sedimentological sequence. A, synthetic stratigraphical section showing the relative position of the two microvertebrate levels (DT-Loc1 and DT-Loc2) in the 'Bioturbated Unit' (Idam Unit after Wight, 1980). The small black arrows situated on the right of the stratigraphical column indicate the position of sampling sites for the magnetostratigraphical study. LOB, last oyster bed (marine). B, latitude of virtual geomagnetic pole of ChRM (characteristic component magnetization) as a function of stratigraphical level, and polarity column. C, part of the Palaeogene geomagnetic polarity time scale (from Gradstein, Ogg & Smith, 2004) and the different hypotheses of magnetic polarity correlations proposed in the text (dotted and smooth lines).

Figure 3 in New rodent assemblages from the Eocene Dur At-Talah escarpment (Sahara of central Libya): systematic, biochronological, and palaeobiogeographical implications

Figure 3. Typical examples of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquisition of selected samples (A) and progressive thermal demagnetization (B, C).

Figure 1 in New rodent assemblages from the Eocene Dur At-Talah escarpment (Sahara of central Libya): systematic, biochronological, and palaeobiogeographical implications

Figure 1. Location map of the Dur At-Talah escarpment in central Libya. A, location map of the Palaeogene rodentbearing localities: asterisks indicate the localities in Africa and in the Arabic Peninsula (Sultanate of Oman), black circles indicate the localities in South Asia that have yielded hystricognathous rodents. B, map of Libya showing the location of Dur At-Talah and the oasis of Zella. C, satellite view (from Google Earth) of the escarpment of Dur At-Talah showing the location of the two fossiliferous localities studied in this paper (DT-Loc.1 and DT-Loc.2). The picture shows the escarpment; photograph by Laurent Marivaux.

Figure 11 in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 11. Thin sections of sculptural ridges showing mineralized Sharpey's fibres penetrating the bone. A, Chenoprosopus milleri (Temnospondyli, Edopoidea), UCMP 41104. The strong Sharpey's fibres are obliquely cut. B, Plagiosternum granulosum (Stereospondyli, Plagiosauridae), SMNS without number. The Sharpey's fibres are densely arranged. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 10. Reference topology with mapped dermal sculpture characters showing a phylogenetic signal, continued. A, character 10. B, character 11. C, character 12. For character 12 in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 10. Reference topology with mapped dermal sculpture characters showing a phylogenetic signal, continued. A, character 10. B, character 11. C, character 12. For character 12, the coloration is similar to that in Figure 9, whereas for character 10 (four character states) and 11 (three character states), the lightest shading refers to character state 1, and the increasingly darker shadings refer to the ascending character states. For definition of characters, see Appendix 2.

Figure 7. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 7. A, the oblique growth of nodal points and ridges as indicated in Figure 6H can be shown histologically. The growth marks indicate oblique appositional growth, and the arrow shows the direction of growth. B, Chroniosaurus dongusensis (Chroniosuchia, Chroniosuchidae), PIN 3585/124, juvenile specimen. The sculpture on the skull table consists primarily of radially aligned ridges, with very few tubercles. C, skull table of an ontogenetically advanced Chroniosaurus dongusensis, PIN 3713/11. The ridges bear numerous distinct tubercles. D, Ventastega curonica (stem tetrapod), PIN 54/180. Fragment of angular with deep, steep-walled lateral line sulcus that is partially enclosed within the bone. E, Cheliderpeton latirostre (Stereospondylomorpha, Intasuchidae), SMNS 91003. Posterior part of the skull with faintly impressed lateral line sulci posterior and medial to the orbits. F, Metoposaurus fraasi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), UCMP 27103. Prefrontal bearing a broad lateral line sulcus. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 2. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 2. A, Eryops megacephalus (Temnospondyli, Eryopidae), MCZ 3233, cast. Irregular polygonal sculpture in the interorbital region. B, Dvinosaurus primus (Temnospondyli, Dvinosauria), PIN 156/10. Posterior part of skull table with radial sculpture. C, Metoposaurus fraasi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), UCMP 27103. Posterior portion of interclavicle with radial sculpture. D, Thoosuchus jakovlevi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), SMNS 80064. Close-up of the radial sculpture on the postfrontal, with imprints of vessels within the sculptural furrows. E, Panderichthys rhombolepis (stem tetrapod, Elpistostegalia), MB.f.17548. SEM photograph of tubercular sculpture of dermal bone of the skull or pectoral region. F, Chroniosaurus dongusensis (Chroniosuchia, Chroniosuchidae), PIN 3713/38. Close-up of tubercular sculpture on the parietal. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 6. A–E in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 6. A–E, schematic drawings of formation of new sculptural ridges at the bone periphery during growth. A, the vascular opening is located directly in front of a sculptural ridge that bifurcates symmetrically. B–C, the vascular opening is located lateral to the sculptural ridge, and the bifurcation is asymmetric. D, bifurcation of ridges from contralateral sides fuse roughly at the midline of the furrow, and close the furrow. E, in an asymmetrical bifurcation of a sculptural ridge, the 'axilla ridge' of the corresponding vascular opening may be low or suppressed, giving the impression that the new intercalated ridge has an abrupt origin within the furrow. F–H, development of polygonal sculpture from the radial pattern. F, first, the radial ridges broaden slightly at discrete points in the vicinity of a vascular opening, or may be slightly bent in this direction. These are the points of intersection (nodal points) of the radial ridge with the future dividing wall. G, the dividing walls have grown slowly in height between these points proximal to the vascular openings; through this compartmentalization, sculptural cells have developed that have a rather quadrangular shape at first. H, during appositional growth of the bone, the cells attain a polygonal (ideally hexagonal) outline via a sidewards shift (oblique growth) of the nodal points (arrows). For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 3. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 3. A, Zatrachys serratus (Temnospondyli, Zatracheidae), UCMP 34137. Posterior portion of the skull with radial and polygonal/tubercular sculpture. B, Lanthanosuchus watsoni (Parareptilia, Lanthanosuchidae), PIN 271/1. Posterior skull table with pronounced sculpture. C, Cochleosaurus bohemicus (Temnospondyli, Edopoidea), MB.Am.80, cast. The dermal sculpture is much subdued medial to the crest extending from the orbit to the snout. D, Vigilius wellesi (Stereospondyli, Brachyopoidea), ROM 23857, cast. Posterior portion of the skull, with sculptured bones (median part of the skull table) and bones that are largely smooth. E, Melosaurus uralensis (Stereospondylomorpha, Melosauridae), PIN 161/3. Symphysis in ventrolateral view. F, Gerrothorax pustuloglomeratus (Stereospondyli, Plagiosauridae), SMNS without number. Part of the mandible in labial view: whereas the angular is heavily sculptured, the dentary is only faintly striated. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 8 in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 8. Principal component analysis of 47 taxa of basal tetrapods based on the 12 characters defined in Appendix 2 (nominal data). The convex hulls cover taxa with the same presumed life habit. The criteria for the presumed life habit of each taxon plus references are listed in Appendix 4.

Figure 1. A in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 1. A, Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauroidea), SMNS without number. Parietals showing polygonal sculpture in the ossification centre and radial sculpture in the periphery. B, Gerrothorax pustuloglomeratus (Stereospondyli, Plagiosauridae), SMNS without number. SEM photograph of dorsal osteoderm showing tubercular sculpture. C, Metoposaurus fraasi (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), UCMP 27103. Close-up of the regular polygonal sculpture on the parietal. D, Wetlugasaurus samarensis (Stereospondyli, Trematosauroidea), PIN 4627/1. Close-up of polygonal sculpture on the parietal; the nodal points are elevated with respect to the sculptural ridges. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 9. Dermal sculpture characters displaying a in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 9. Dermal sculpture characters displaying a phylogenetic signal mapped on the reference topology. Reference topology based on Ruta et al. (2003), Ruta & Coates (2007), Schoch & Milner (2000), and Yates & Warren (2000). A, character 1. B, character 2. C, character 5. D, character 6. Grey shading refers to character state 1; black shading refers to character state 2. For definition of characters, see Appendix 2.

Figure 5. A–D in Sculpture and vascularization of dermal bones, and the implications for the physiology of basal tetrapods

Figure 5. A–D, drawings of dermal sculpture and imprints of vessels. A, Mastodonsaurus giganteus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauroidea), SMNS 80878. Part of?nasal with imprints of large, branching vessels. B, Trimerorhachis insignis (Temnospondyli, Dvinosauria), MCZ 8286. Dermal sculpture in the region of the junction between the tabular, supratemporal, and postparietal. C, Cochleosaurus bohemicus (Temnospondyli, Edopoidea), MB.Am.80. Dermal sculpture of postparietal lappet. D, Captorhinus sp. (Eureptilia, Captorhinidae), UCMP 202967. Part of dermal skull roof with cells and furrows. For abbreviations, see text.

Figure 7 in The female postabdomen and internal genitalia of the basal moth genus Agathiphaga (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae): morphology and phylogenetic implications†

Figure 7. Agathiphaga vitiensis, female postabdomen, paramedian section (thickness 8 Mm); accessory gland and ovary. Abbreviations: ag, accessory gland; gc, genital chamber; ov, ovary; tg, tergum. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 3 in The female postabdomen and internal genitalia of the basal moth genus Agathiphaga (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae): morphology and phylogenetic implications†

Figure 3. Agathiphaga vitiensis, female postabdomen with oviscapt fully extended, right body half in median view (reconstruction from serial sections). A, exoskeleton; B, internal parts of the genital system. Abbreviations: apad, dorsal anterior apophysis; apav, ventral anterior apophysis; app, posterior apophysis; bc, bursa copulatrix; bcd, ductus bursae; cop, cloacal opening; dag, duct of the accessory glands; gc, genital chamber; hg, hindgut; mcl, membranous collar behind segment VIII; mg, midgut; osc, oviscapt; sp, spermatheca; ovc, common oviduct; ovl, lateral oviduct; spd, spermathecal duct; spg, spermathecal gland; spi, spiracle; tg, tergum; vplVIII, venter-VIII-plate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 8 in The female postabdomen and internal genitalia of the basal moth genus Agathiphaga (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae): morphology and phylogenetic implications†

Figure 8. Distribution of some key characters on currently preferred phylogeny under alternative assumptions about ancestral configuration of the segment VIII apophyses. Character 1, paired anterior apophyses: originating from both dorsum and venter, muscles isoVII-VIII01 and isdVIII-IX02 both present (0); only single anterior pair, either muscle isoVII-VIII01 or isdVIII-IX02 lacking (1); absent (2). Other characters included are 2, segment X: discrete (0); fused with IX (1). 3, paired posterior apophyses: present (0); absent (1). 4, spermathecal duct lumen: simple (0); constricted (1); two compartments (2). 5, ovariole number: 'many' (0); no more than five per ovary (1). Asterisks denote parallelisms amongst taxa included. Secondary changes of all characters occur here and there within subordinate lineages of the Glossata. Abbreviations: AGA, Agathiphagidae; GLO, Glossata; HET, Heterobathmiidae; MIC, Micropterigidae; TRI, Trichoptera.