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Figure 10 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 10. Transmission electron micrographs comparing energy and waste reserves in nonparasitized and Thripinema fuscum-parasitized Frankliniella fusca females including electrondense vesicles within the (A) fat body underlying the host cuticle and (B) midgut cells of a parasitized F. fusca; (C) an obvious depletion of glycogen (arrow) in the fat body and (D) a juvenile nematode with an accumulation of glycogen and lipid deposits probably sequestered from the host; (E) cross-section of healthy F. fusca muscle tissue and (F) of muscle tissue from a female parasitized by T. fuscum with the presence of numerous glycogen granules (arrowheads); (G) glycogen granules embedded between the muscle fibres and mitochondria in a parasitized female; (H) uric acid crystals formed from nitrogenous waste within the cytoplasm of a Malpighian tubule of a healthy female; (I) the accumulation of secretory vesicles and uric acid crystals in the cytoplasm of the Malpighian tubule of a parasitized host. Abbreviations: gly, glycogen; lp, lipid; mf, muscle fibres; mt, mitochondria; sv, secretory vesicle; tr, trachea; ua, uric acid crystals; ves, electron-dense vesicles. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 2 µm; D, G, H 1 µm; C, I, 5 µm.

Figure 9. A in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 9. A healthy Frankliniella fusca female with (A) a robust reproductive system with developing eggs in the ovary; transmission electron micrographs showing (B) an ovariole in a healthy female with distinct follicle cells surrounding the developing oocyte and (C) the tight ladderlike extensions between the oocyte and follicle cell, the abundance of organelles in the oocyte, and the well-defined nucleus in the follicle cell; (D) a F. fusca female parasitized by Thripinema fuscum with a reduced reproductive system with atrophied ovary; transmission electron micrographs showing (E) the displacement of host ovarioles as a result of the numerous juvenile nematodes in abdominal haemocoele and (F) the tears in the ladder-like connections between the oocyte and follicle cell, the depletion of organelles in the oocyte, and the poorly defined nucleus. Abbreviations: n, nucleus; nem, nematode; org, organelles, ov, ovariole. Scale bars: A, D, 0.5 mm; B, E, 10 µm; C, F, 2 µm.

Figure 8 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs that show (A) numerous juvenile Thripinema fuscum juveniles aggregated longitudinally in the female Frankliniella fusca haemocoele and (B) the resulting compressed host midgut (arrow) with depressions. Scale bars: A, 75 µm; B, 30 µm.

Figure 7 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of the free-living Thripinema fuscum female with (A) annulated cuticle with transverse striations and fully-developed mouth, (B) excretory pore on the anterior ventral surface, and (C) two lateral lines extending the length of the body. Scanning electron micrographs showing (D) the T. fuscum male with (E) copulatory structures including caudal alae, paired spicules and a gubernaculum. Abbreviations: ep, excretory pore; ll, lateral lines. Scale bars: A, 2.73 µm; B, 5 µm; C, 8.57 µm; D, 60 µm; E, 6 µm.

Figure 6 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 6. (A) Thick section of a Frankliniella fusca female 9 days after parasitization with an aggregation of late-staged Thripinema fuscum juveniles in the hindgut; scanning electron micrographs of a fractured F. fusca revealing (B, C) T. fuscum aggregation in hindgut with (D) a male (arrow) coiled around the females; (E) gross dissection of the F. fusca female host showing a nematode mass in the hindgut. Abbreviations: mt, Malpighian tubules; nem, nematodes. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 231 µm; C, 50 µm; D, 30 µm; E, 250 µm.

Figure 2 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 2. The life cycle of Thripinema fuscum in (A) an adult female Frankliniella fusca host: (B) the progressive enlargement of the parasitic female (right to left); (C) eggs (=J1) produced by the parasitic female; (D–F) J2-stage through J3-stage juveniles; (G) infectious free-living females; (H) free-living male; (G) ingress of a free-living female regenerates the cycle. Scale bar: 200 µm.

Figure 4 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 4. Thripinema fuscum eggs: (A) thick section of a host Frankliniella fusca female 6 days after parasitization with abdominal cavity full of nematode eggs; (B) scanning electron micrographs of T. fuscum eggs including J1 embryos visible through egg chorion; (C) transmission electron micrograph of a T. fuscum embryo curled inside chorion in the host abdomen; scanning electron micrographs of (D) protuberances on the egg's surface and (E) aeropylar process on egg (arrow), (F) eggs cushioned within host fat body, and (G) host immune factors on the egg surface. Abbreviations: nem eggs, nematode eggs. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, 10 µm; C, 30 µm; D, G, 2 µm; E, 1.2 µm; F, 30 µm.

Figure 5 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 5. Thripinema fuscum juveniles: (A) transmission electron micrograph documenting various cuticular structures; (B) scanning electron micrographs showing the host factors adhered to the cuticle surface, (C) shedding of the cuticle, (D) transmission electron micrograph of a juvenile completing ecdysis as evidenced by the shed outer cuticle (arrow) and the assembly of a new cuticle peripheral to the hypodermis, and (E) scanning electron micrograph of the developing mouthparts with visible stylet. Scale bars: A, 0.5 µm; B, E, 2 µm; C, 4.3 µm; D, 3.75 µm.

Figure 1 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 1. (A) Dorsal view of a non-parasitized (right) and parasitized (left) Frankliniella fusca female; (B) a non-parasitized female with eggs and (C) a parasitized female with three parasitic Thripinema fuscum females and progeny; thick sections of (D) a non-parasitized F. fusca female and (E) a parasitized F. fusca female. Abbreviations: mg, midgut; fb, fat body; nem, nematode; ov, ovary; ves, electron-dense vesicle. Scale bars: A–C, 0.5 mm; D, E, 100 µm.

Figure 3 in The morphology and biology of the entomophilic Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), and the histopathological effects of parasitism on the host Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Figure 3. Thripinema fuscum parasitic female: (A) differential interference contrast microscope image of the dorsal view of a fecund female; scanning electron micrographs of the external surface with (B) pit-like structures and (C) knob-like projections; transmission electron micrographs of the external cuticle with (D) microvilli and (E) knob-like projection; transmission electron micrographs of (F) the parasitic female in direct apposition to host midgut with (G) microvilliated cuticular surface of the parasitic female touching the basement membrane of the host midgut; (H) thick section of a Frankliniella fusca female 3 days after parasitization with a parasitic T. fuscum female with eggs (arrowheads) constricting the host midgut lumen. Abbreviations: mg, midgut; pf, parasitic female. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B, 667 nm; C, 300 nm; D, E, G, 1 µm; F, 10 µm; H, 100 µm.

Figure 6 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of first instar (A–F) and fourth (last) instar (G) larvae of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Dorsolateral view; (B) head and prothorax in lateral view; (C) abdominal segments 3 to 5 in lateral view; (D) perforated cupola organ; (E) spiracle on A2 segment; (F) proleg in ventral view; (G) proleg in ventral view.

Figure 3 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 3. Natural enemies of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Parasitoid wasp (arrow) emerging from an egg; (B) Pseudomyrmex ant preying on eggs (arrow); (C) second instar parasitized by a braconid wasp (arrow); (D) ichneumonid cocoon under third instar host remains; (E) wasp (Conura sp.; Chalcididae) parasitizing a fourth (last) instar; (F) fourth instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); (G) predatory bug (Podisus nigrispinus; Asopinae) sucking a fourth instar larva; (H) remains of a fourth instar larva preyed by an araneid spider. Figures can be viewed in colour online.

Figure 2 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 2. Larval colour patters of Parrhasius polibetes on different host plants. (A) Third instar on Pyrostegia venusta; (B) third instar "red morph" on Pyrostegia venusta; (C) third instar on Pouteria torta being tended by a worker of Camponotus crassus; (D) fourth (last) instar on Pyrostegia venusta; (E) fourth instar on Styrax ferrugineus being tended by a worker of Camponotus sp.; (F) fourth instar on Banisteriopsis campestris; (G) fourth instar on Eugenia bimarginata being tended by a worker of Camponotus leydigi. Figures can be viewed in colour online.

Figure 1 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 1. Life stages of Parrhasius polibetes on Schefflera vinosa (A–C, F, G) and on Luehea grandiflora (D, E). (A) Adult female; (B) newly-laid egg (arrow); (C) egg after 24 h; (D) eggs (arrow) laid near an aggregation of Guayaquila xiphias treehoppers tended by Camponotus crassus workers; (E) egg accidentally laid on an ant-tended treehopper nymph of Enchenopa sp.; (F) first instar; (G) third instar being tended by a worker of Cephalotes pusillus; (H) fourth (last) instar being tended by a worker of Camponotus crassus; (I) pupa. Figures can be viewed in colour online.

Figure 5 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 5. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Head in frontal view; (B) head in lateral view; (C) body diagram in lateral view. For chaetotaxy abbreviations see Downey and Allyn (1984b), Duarte et al. (2005) and Ballmer and Wright (2008).

Figure 7 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of fourth (last) instar (A–F) and pupae (G–I) of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Head in lateral view; (B) prothoracic shield; (C) detail of the abdominal tegument in dorsal view; (D) spiracle on A2 segment; (E) opening of the dorsal nectar organ with perforated cupola organs (arrow); (F) detail of the perforated cupola organ; (G) spiracle on A5 segment, note the perforated cupola organs (arrow); (H) detail of the abdominal tegument in lateral view; (I) detail of the stridulating area between A5–A6 segments (arrow).

Figure 4 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Parrhasius polibetes egg. (A) Anterior and lateral view of two eggs; (B) micropylar area; (C) detail of an aeropyle on a rib intersection.

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Figure 4. Munidion laterale Richardson, 1910 in New records and hosts for three species of pseudionine bopyrids (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasitizing munidid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura: Munididae) in Philippine waters

Figure 4. Munidion laterale Richardson, 1910. Female (CI1083y01), 8.79 mm (A–H): (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) barbula; (D) right maxilliped, external view; (E) palp of maxilliped; (F) right oostegite 1, external view; (G) right oostegite 1, internal view. Male (CI1083y02), 2.09 mm (H–I): (H) dorsal view; (I) ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B), 0.32 mm (C), 0.35 mm (D), 0.15 mm (E), 0.43 mm (F, G), 0.21 mm (H, I).

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Figure 1 in New records and hosts for three species of pseudionine bopyrids (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) parasitizing munidid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Anomura: Munididae) in Philippine waters

Figure 1. Pleurocryptella laevis (Richardson, 1910) (CI1082a). Female, 6.5 mm (A–I): (A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view; (C) right antenna and antennule; (D) left side of barbula; (E) left maxilliped, external view; (F) left oostegite 1, external view; (G) left oostegite 1, internal view; (H) right pereopod 1; (I) right pereopod 7. Male, 3.3 mm (J–O): (J) dorsal view; (K) ventral view; (L) right antenna and antennule; (M) left pereopod 1; (N) left pereopod 2; (O) left pereopod 3. Scale bars = 1 mm (A, B), 0.24 mm (C, L), 0.69 mm (D), 0.26 mm (E, H, I), 0.60 mm (F, G), 0.38 mm (J, K), 0.23 mm (M–O).