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19,293 results for “western”
Fig. 5 in Using Ecological Niche Modeling For Biodiversity Conservation Guidance In The Western Podillya (Ukraine): Amphibians
Fig. 5. Summarized species richness map (see text for explanation).
Mechanisms underlying altitudinal and horizontal range contraction: The western black crested gibbon
<p>Aim: Species ranges in mountain areas may shift both horizontally and altitudinally, resulting from climate change and anthropogenic impact. Two hypotheses (the abundant center hypothesis and the contagion hypothesis) have been proposed to account for patterns of horizontal range contraction. However, undulating topograph causes a mosaic of unsuitable habitats, which may complicate the spatial pattern of range contraction. We develop a framework incorporating horizontal and altitudinal range contraction patterns of a species living in mountain areas, to better understand the underlying mechanisms of species range contraction.</p> <p>Location: China, North Laos, and North Vietnam</p> <p>Taxon: Western black crested gibbon, <i>Nomascus concolor</i></p> <p>Methods: We collected occurrence data of the gibbons from various sources and modelled their potential distribution range in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2010s, using ecological niche modelling. We compared distances from the center point of the potential range in 1950s to center points of the largest 100 patches in the 1950s and the 2010s to understand the patterns of horizontal range contraction. We also calculated potential distribution within different altitudinal range for six populations in each period to understand the patterns of altitudinal range contraction.</p> <p>Results: Potential horizontal distribution of the gibbons decreased by 69% from the 1950s to the 2010s. We found the 100 largest patches in 2010s were further apart from the center point of the potential range in 1950s compared to the 100 largest patches in 1950s, supporting the contagion hypothesis. No populations extended their range to higher altitude, suggesting climate change did not have a profound effect on gibbon range upward shift. All populations lost a substantial proportion of their ranges in lower altitude (500 – 1,500 m) but to different degrees, suggesting that populations experienced different anthropogenic pressures.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Anthropogenic threats probably including human population increase, agricultural expansion and hunting, were more likely than climate change to have caused range contraction in western black-crested gibbons. This study highlights the importance of studying horizontal and altitudinal range contraction simultaneously.</p>
Stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) at risk in western Mexico
<p>The current global pollinator crisis highlights the need to investigate the diversity and distribution of ecologically and socially relevant taxa such as tropical stingless bees. We analyzed the diversity and composition of stingless bee (Meliponini) communities at a regional scale in west-central Mexico using an extensive direct search along an altitudinal gradient encompassing different climate and vegetation types. Our hypothesis was that meliponine bee diversity would be greater in tropical warmer. We found a total of 14 meliponine bee species, including two new records for the region. We identified three types of bee assemblages: one in hot lowland climates with tropical dry forest vegetation, one in temperate highland climates with mixed oak-pine forest vegetation, and one in the warm ecotone with mixed subdeciduous forest vegetation between the hot and temperate zones. As expected, the lowland assemblage in the tropical dry forest vegetation had the greatest diversity (11 species). In the warm ecotone, meliponine species from temperate highlands and hot lowland habitats converged; this region should therefore be considered a high conservation priority area. Fifty percent of the meliponine bees found are endemic and have a very low incidence, suggesting that their populations may be endangered. Given the extensive and ongoing change of land use to avocado plantations in the warm ecotone and temperate highlands with mixed oak-pine forest vegetation cover, specific conservation plans should be generated to conserve the natural ecosystems and this important native pollinator group.This data set provides the information about Melliponin sampling in Michoacan, Mexico during 2018-2019. It provides the locality name, altitude, vegetation type and climate per sampling site.</p>
Lepidagathis mahakassapae sp. nov. (Acanthaceae: Barlerieae) from the high elevated Lateritic Plateau of Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India
<p><em>Lepidagathis mahakassapae.</em> sp. nov., monocarpic and endemic species is described from Western Maharashtra, India. The new species is allied to <em>L. sabui </em>from Konkan, Maharashtra. Stems of <em>L. mahakassapae</em> grows up to 250 cm in length which is remarkably long while few prostrate species attains this much length. Illustration and colour photographs are provided for ease of identification</p>
Changing diets over time: knock-on effects of marine megafauna overexploitation on their competitors in the South-Western Atlantic Ocean
This study compares the δ<sup>15</sup>N values and the trophic position of two seabird species throughout the Late Holocene in three regions in the South-Western Atlantic Ocean to assess the hypothesis that the decimation of megafauna lead to changes in the trophic position of mesopredators. Modern and ancient mollusc shells were also analysed to account for changes in the isotopic baseline through time. Results revealed that modern Magellanic penguins have higher δ<sup>15</sup>N values than their ancient conspecifics in the three regions, after controlling for changes in the isotopic baseline. This was also true for modern Imperial shags compared to ancient unidentified cormorants/shags from the two areas where ancient specimens were recovered (Southern Patagonia and the Beagle Channel). Such temporal variability might be caused by three non-mutually exclusive processes: decreased availability of pelagic squat lobster resulting from decreasing primary productivity through the Late Holocene, increased availability of small fishes resulting from the sequential depletion of other piscivores (South American fur seal and sea lion and Argentine hake) since the late 18<sup>th</sup> century and modification of the migratory patterns of Magellanic penguins. Although disentangling the relative contribution of all those processes is impossible at this time, the results reported here demonstrate that the ecology of Magellanic penguins and Imperial shags has undergone major changes since the Late Holocene.
Fig. 1 in Amphipod (Crustacea, Amphipoda) Communities In The North-Western Part Of The Black Sea
Fig. 1. The schematic map of the sampling area.
The attraction of western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to commercially available pollen substitutes and wildflower pollen
<p>Many beekeepers supplement their western honey bee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) colonies with artificial pollen substitutes to provide colonies with adequate nutrition during times of low pollen availability or limited pollen quality. Here, we provided caged adult worker bees with three commercially available pollen substitutes (AP23, MegaBee, UltraBee) and wildflower pollen to determine which diet is most attractive to the bees. We measured diet weight change (as a proxy for consumption) and observed honey bee behavior to test for bee preferences for certain diets. We found that the bees interacted with and consumed more wildflower pollen than they did with any of the commercially available pollen substitutes. Ultimately, our data suggest that bees have a strong preference for wildflower pollen over that of commercially available pollen substitutes.</p>
Fig. 1 in Review of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, with the description of a new cavernicolous species from the Western Caucasus and an updated key and distribution (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Anthroleucosomatidae)
Fig. 1. Distribution of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970.
Population genetics and biogeography of the lungwort lichen in North America support distinct Eastern and Western gene pools
<p>Populations of species with large spatial distributions are shaped by complex forces that differ throughout their ranges. To maintain the genetic diversity of species, genepool-based subsets of widespread species must be considered in conservation assessments. In this study, the population genetics of the lichenized fungus Lobaria pulmonaria and its algal partner, Symbiochloris reticulata , were investigated to determine population structure, genetic diversity, and degree of congruency in eastern and western North America. Data loggers measuring temperature and humidity were deployed at selected populations in eastern North America to test for climatic adaptation. To better understand the role Pleistocene glaciations played in shaping population patterns, a North American, range-wide species distribution model was constructed and hindcast to 22,000 years before present and at 500-year time slices from then to the present. The presence of two gene pools with minimal admixture was supported, one in the Pacific Northwest and one in eastern North America. Western populations were significantly more genetically diverse than eastern populations. There was no evidence for climatic adaptation among eastern populations, though there was evidence for range-wide adaptation to evapotranspiration rates. Hindcast distribution models suggest that observed genetic diversity may be due to a drastic Pleistocene range restriction in eastern North America, whereas a substantial coastal refugial area is inferred in the west. Taken together the results show different, complex population histories of L. pulmonaria in eastern and western North America, and suggest that conservation planning for each gene pool should be considered separately.</p>
Fig. 1 in Newly discovered species of cheilostomatid Bryozoa from the Miocene of western Kachchh, Gujarat, India
Fig. 1. Geological map of Kachchh (modified after Sonar et al. 2022).
Early stages of speciation with gene flow in the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilis amazilia) subspecies complex of Western South America
<p>Disentangling the factors underlying the diversification of geographically variable species with a wide geographical range is essential to understanding the initial stages and drivers of the speciation process. The Amazilia Hummingbird, <em>Amazilis amazilia</em>, is found along the Pacific coast from northern Ecuador down to the Nazca Valley of Peru, and is currently classified as six phenotypically differentiated subspecies. Our aims were to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the six subspecies, to assess the geographical pattern and extent of evolutionary divergence, and to test for introgression using both a mtDNA marker and a genome-by-sequencing dataset from 86 individuals from across the species range. The consensus phylogenetic tree separated the six subspecies into three distinct clades, corresponding with the Ecuador lowlands (<em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>), the Ecuador highlands (<em>A. amazilia alticola</em> and <em>A. amazilia azuay</em>), and the Peruvian coast (<em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, <em>A. amazilia amazilia</em>, and <em>A. amazilia caeruleigularis</em>). However, an unresolved mtDNA network suggests that the diversification of the subspecies was recent and rapid. We found evidence of gene flow among the subspecies <em>A. amazilia dumerilii</em>, <em>A. amazilia alticola</em>, and <em>A. amazilia leucophoea</em>, with strong genetic isolation of the subspecies <em>A. amazilia azuay</em> in the isolated Yunguilla Valley of Ecuador. Finally, environmental data from each subspecies' capture locations were concordant with the three distinct clades. Overall, our results suggest that both expansion into new habitats and geographic isolation shaped the present-day phylogeny and range of the <em>A. amazilia</em> subspecies, and that <em>A. amazilia azuay </em>may be genetically divergent enough to be considered a separate species.</p>
DATASET: Palaeoenvironmental framing of the O Areal Roman saltworks and related anthropogenic activities in north-western Iberia
<p>Palynological and geochemical dataset of two pedo-sedimentary profiles (P3-6-I and P3-6-II) of the manuscript: <em>Palaeoenvironmental framing of the O Areal Roman saltworks and related anthropogenic activities in north-western Iberia</em>.</p>
Population expansion, divergence, and persistence in western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) at the northern extreme of their distributional range
<p>Population dynamics within species at the edge of their distributional range, including the formation of genetic structure during range expansion, are difficult to study when they have had limited time to evolve. Western Fence Lizards (<em>Sceloporus occidentalis</em>) have a patchy distribution at the northern edge of their range around the Puget Sound, Washington, where they almost exclusively occur on imperiled coastal habitats. The entire region was covered by Pleistocene glaciation as recently as 16,000 years ago, suggesting that populations must have colonized these habitats relatively recently. We tested for population differentiation across this landscape using genome-wide SNPs and morphological data. A time-calibrated species tree supports the hypothesis of a post-glacial establishment and subsequent population expansion into the region. Despite a strong signal for fine-scale population genetic structure across the Puget Sound with as many as 8–10 distinct subpopulations supported by the SNP data, there is minimal evidence for morphological differentiation at this same spatiotemporal scale. Historical demographic analyses suggest that populations expanded and diverged across the region as the Cordilleran Ice Sheet receded. Population isolation, lack of dispersal corridors, and strict habitat requirements are the key drivers of population divergence in this system. These same factors may prove detrimental to the future persistence of populations as they cope with increasing shoreline development associated with urbanization.</p>
Genetic monitoring on the world's first MSC eco-labeled common octopus (O. vulgaris) fishery in western Asturias, Spain
<p><strong>Allele frequencies file containing:</strong></p> <ul> <li>15 populations</li> <li>13 microsatellite markers</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Populations:</strong></em></p> <ul> <li>21PS: Pasaia (Basque country, Spain). Fishery season (FS): 2020-21</li> <li>18RB: Ribadesella (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2017-18</li> <li>21RB: Ribadesella (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>18CU: Cudillero (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2017-18</li> <li>21CU: Cudillero (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>07PV: Puerto de Vega (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2006-07</li> <li>18PV: Puerto de Vega (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2017-18</li> <li>21PV: Puerto de Vega (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>18TP: Tapia de Casariego (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2017-18</li> <li>21TP: Tapia de Casariego (Asturias, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>21BU: Bueu (Galicia, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>07OL: Olhão (Algarve, Portugal). FS: 2006-07</li> <li>21OL: Olhão (Algarve, Portugal). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>21SA: San Andrés (Canary Islands, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> <li>21BC: Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). FS: 2020-21</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Microsatellite markers (GenBank accession number):</strong></em></p> <p>OCT08 (AF197132); VULG15 (LC003035); VULG14 (LC003034); VULG07 (LC003028); OVUL10 (JN579699); VULG12 (LC003032); VULG13 (LC003033); VULG06 (LC003027); OVUL09 (JN579698); VULG04 (LC003026); OVUL08 (JN579697); OV10 (AF197134); VULG10 (LC003030).</p>
A genetically isolated dingo population in western Victoria, Australia, reveals greater structuring of the Australian dingo
<p>The Australian dingo is a relatively recent anthropogenic addition to the Australian fauna, which spread rapidly across the continent and has since widely interbred with modern dogs. Genetic studies of dingoes have given rise to speculation about their entry to the continent and subsequent biogeographic effects, but few studies of their contemporary population structure have been conducted. Here we investigated the dingo ancestry and population structure of free-living dogs in western Victoria and contrasted it with a wider southern Australian sample. We wished to determine whether their geographic isolation was mirrored in genetic isolation. To address this question, we analysed genetic data using Bayesian clustering and discriminant analysis of principal components, and summarised genetic diversity at the population and individual levels. Upon finding low genetic diversity in western Victoria, we tested for a recent genetic bottleneck. The broader southern Australia sample (n=1,138) comprised mostly hybrid animals, with ~30% dingoes. All western Victorian individuals (n= 59) appeared to be hybrids with high dingo ancestry. The population showed no evidence of admixture with other populations and no recent bottleneck. Based upon our characterisation of this unusual mainland population, we sound caution for future studies assuming homogeneity of dingoes across the continent.</p>
Satellite-derived water quality data for Western Water Treatment Plant (Melbourne, Australia) 2015-2019
This dataset contains satellite-derived water quality (WQ) data of Western Water Treatment Plant (Melbourne, Australia) for the years 2015-2019. Available parameters are: Total Absorption (ABS), Chlorophyll-a (CHL), Harmful Algae Bloom Indicator (HAB), True-color image (RGB), Secchi Disc Depth (SDD), Total Suspended Matter (TSM) and Turbidity (TUR). WQ parameters have been calculated using EOMAPs physics-based MIP from Sentinel-2. The data are available as GeoTiff files in web-mercator projection (EPSG: 3857). Further information can be found in the readme files. Contains Copernicus data. Credits: ESA (2022).
Fig. 1 from: Olde, Peter (2021) Grevillea trichantha, a third species with hairy flowers in the Triloba Group (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae: Hakeinae) from the Marchagee Track, south-west Western Australia. Telopea: 24 303-309 https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea15325
<p>a. Flowering branchlet of Grevillea trichantha. b. New growth of Grevillea trichantha. c. Grevillea trichantha in natural habitat. Photos: a, c by P.M. Olde; b by I. Gilmour.</p>
Fig. 2 from: Olde, Peter (2021) Grevillea trichantha, a third species with hairy flowers in the Triloba Group (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae: Hakeinae) from the Marchagee Track, south-west Western Australia. Telopea: 24 303-309 https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea15325
<p>Grevillea trichantha. a. Habit. b. Flower bud before anthesis. c. Flower after anthesis. d. Flower without perianth. e. pistil. f. Tepal inner surface. g, h. Leaf variants. i. Follicle. Scale bar: a = 50 mm; b, c = 12.5 mm; d = 10 mm; e, f. = 5 mm; g, h = 25 mm; i = 33 mm. Illustration: M. Pieroni; modified for publication by L. Elkan.</p>
Fig. 3 from: Olde, Peter (2021) Grevillea trichantha, a third species with hairy flowers in the Triloba Group (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae: Hakeinae) from the Marchagee Track, south-west Western Australia. Telopea: 24 303-309 https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea15325
<p>Grevillea metamorpha. a. Leaf. b. Flower bud before anthesis. c. Flower after anthesis. d. Flower without perianth. e. Pistil. f. Tepal inner surface. Scale bar: a = 25 mm; b, c, d = 12.5 mm; e, f. = 6.25 mm. Illustration: M. Pieroni; modified for publication by L. Elkan.</p>
Data from: Accuracy of node and bud-scar counts for aging two dominant conifers in western North America
Accurately aging trees is critical for understanding tree demography and tree responses to environmental change. Given the proliferation of studies aimed at understanding the effects of climate and disturbance on forest ecosystems, it is important to understand the tradeoffs between field-based age estimates and precise dendrochronological techniques. We assessed the accuracy of age estimates from node counts in the field against precise tree-ring counts at the root-shoot boundary, in 1279 ponderosa pine and 1268 Douglas-fir seedlings sampled from across three study regions in the western U.S. We also assessed the accuracy of age estimates from bud-scar counts in the field against node counts and precise tree-ring counts in a subset of 757 seedlings from the Northern Rockies. Node counts systematically underestimated ring counts by an average of 4.1 years, with bias increasing with tree age. At annual, ±1-, ±2-, and ±5-yr precision, the accuracy of node counts was 5%, 15%, 29%, and 74% across all regions and species, respectively. Similar results were found for bud scars. Given the magnitude of the bias between field-based methods and ring counts, it is critical to select appropriate aging methods, based on the precision required to answer specific ecological questions. To improve the accuracy of field-based age estimates in these species, we provide a tool for correcting for the bias when precise dendrochronological aging is not feasible.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.