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Reward expectation enhances action-related activity of nigral dopaminergic and two striatal output pathways
<p>Data for making main and supplementary figures from 'Reward expectation enhances action-related activity of nigral dopaminergic and two striatal output pathways'. The figure (and the corresponding subplot) is specified in each file.</p> <p>In the behavior folder, each row corresponds to one recording session.</p> <p>In the neuronal activity data, each row correspond to one neuron.</p> <p>In the dLight data, each row corresponds to one recording session.</p>
Fig. 5 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots
Fig. 5. Cytotoxic activities of transformed E. lathyris root extract in human carcinoma and embryonic cell lines. a) DU-145 (prostate) b) HeLa (cervix) c) MCF-7 (breast) d) MDA-MB-231 (breast) e) and H2347 (lung) were treated with DMSO (carrier), or increasing concentrations of transformed root MeOH extracts (31.3 μg/ml, 52.5 μg/ml, 125 μg/ml, 250 μg/ml). Titer-Glo® (Promega) was used to count cell lines 48 h post-treatment. Each dose and timepoint was performed in triplicate. Asterisks indicate statistical significance in comparison to carrier (DMSO) control assessed by one-way ANOVA (**,P <0.01; *,P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots
Fig. 1. Establishment and culture maintenance of transformed E. lathyris roots. (a) Stem explants of 3-week-old greenhouse grown plants were used for co-culture with A. rhizogenes. (b) Roots emerged from callus at the site of infection after 2–3 weeks.(c) Adventitious roots displaying the characteristic of the "hairy root" phenotype. (d) Growth characteristics of the isogenic root line used in this study on agar media and in (e) liquid media.
Fig. 4. X in Sesquiterpenes from Echinacea purpurea and their anti-inflammatory activities
Fig. 4. X-ray ORTEP drawing of 1, 3–4. For 3, only one of the two molecules in the unit was shown, and solvent molecule (H2O) was omitted for clarity.
Fig. 2 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots
Fig. 2. Base peak chromatograms of transformed E. lathyris roots compared to wild-type plant roots and aerial parts with putatively assigned metabolites that are structurally related to ingenol.
Fig. 4 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots
Fig. 4. Bioinformatic analysis and chemical elicitation of early diterpenoid biosynthetic genes expressed in transformed E. lathyris roots. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of (a) ElFPS and (b) ElGGPS highlighting two conserved aspartate-rich domains [DDxx(xx)D]. (c) Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of ElCS highlighting a conserved [DDxxD] motif that is essential to the cyclization functionalities of terpene synthases. (d) Time course of E. lathyris diterpenoid biosynthetic gene transcript levels in transformed root cultures treated with 100 μM methyl jasmonate. Asterisks indicate statistical significance in comparison to 0 h control assessed by one-way ANOVA (**,P <0.01; *,P <0.05).
Fig. 5 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants
Fig. 5. UV chromatograms (280 nm) of non-oxidized (grey) and oxidized (black) samples of selected species, illustrating enzymatic oxidative activities of various types of compounds. Dihydroxysubstituted compounds, such as quercetin glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives, are oxidized more efficiently than their monohydroxysubstituted counterparts, i.e. kaempferol glycosides and coumaric acid derivatives.
Fig. 2 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants
Fig. 2. Plant families arranged according to APG IV, and their phenolic compound classes and total phenolic levels. The dash () and one, two or three asterisks denote different average quantity levels depending on the compound class as follows: FC and ET: <1, 1–30, 31–60 and>60 mg/g; GA: <1, 1–10, 11–20 and>20 mg/ g; PC and PD: <1, 1–15, 16–30 and>30 mg/g; KA, QU and QA: <1, 1–5, 6–10 and>10 mg/g. For the oxidative activity column, dashes and asterisk represent the following: () No activity. The phenolic content of the samples is low overall (total phenolics concentration 10 mg/g or less) with no major peaks present, or the compounds are not affected by the oxidative conditions, the peak area variation remaining within ±10%. (*) Weak activity. The area of most major peaks have reduced by ca. 10–30%. (**) Moderate activity. The areas of most major peaks have reduced by ca. 30–60%. (***) High activity. The areas of most major peaks have reduced by>60%. Abbreviations: FC: Folin-Ciocalteu assay (i.e. total phenolics), HT: hydrolysable tannins, GA: gallic acid derivatives, ET: ellagitannins, PA: proanthocyanidins, PC: procyanidins, PD: prodelphinidins, FL: flavonols, KA: kaempferols, QU: quercetins, QA: quinic acid derivatives, Enz: enzymatic oxidative activity, pH10: alkaline oxidative activity at pH 10. a Myricetin has been left out because of its low quantity in the sample set. It was detected in 20 families, with a maximum concentration of 7 mg/g.
Fig. 4 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants
Fig. 4. UV chromatograms (280 nm) of non-oxidized (grey) and oxidized (black) samples of selected species, illustrating alkaline oxidative activities of various types of compounds. Monohydroxysubstituted compounds, such as kaempferol glycosides, are inactive. The same applies for compounds containing a catechol moiety, e.g. catechin, quercetin glycosides and procyanidins. However, if the catechol moiety is at the end of an alkane chain, as is the case with e.g. rosmarinic acid, rubranoside A, and oregonin, the alkaline oxidative activity is greatly increased. Myricetin glycosides, prodelphinidins, gallic acid derivatives and ellagitannins – all containing a pyrogallol moiety – are highly active and oxidize completely.
Fig. 3 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants
Fig. 3. Phenolic compound structures quantified using MRM methods of Engstr¨om et al. (2015, 2014), and how the measurements are related to each other.
Fig. 1 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants
Fig. 1. The content of phenolic compounds, recorded at 280 nm, in nonoxidized (grey) and enzymatically oxidized (black) Trifolium pratense flowers. The peak area of clovamide has decreased by 91%, likely due to oxidation, whereas flavonols only have lost ca. 11% of their peak areas. A moderate, 26% decrease in total phenolics suggests that the sample retains most of its phenolic compounds, supporting these observations.
Fig. 7 in Sesquiterpenes from Echinacea purpurea and their anti-inflammatory activities
Fig. 7. Effects of compound 5 on iNOS and NF-κB protein expression on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. (A) Total proteins were prepared and analyzed for iNOS, NFκB, p-NF-κB and β-actin by Western blot. (B) Protein expression levels quantified fold of the level in control.
Fig. 3 in Bioactive diterpenoid metabolism and cytotoxic activities of genetically transformed Euphorbia lathyris roots
Fig. 3. The MS/MS (fragmentation) data of m/z 477.2732 aided in the putative assignment of compound 8 as 15-O-acetyl-3-O-iso-butyryljolkinol-5β,6β-oxide. The fragmentation structures and m/z values correspond to each other (i.e. structures and peaks A-D).
Fig. 6 in Sesquiterpenes from Echinacea purpurea and their anti-inflammatory activities
Fig. 6. The effects of different concentrations (3, 10, 30, 100 μM) of compound 5 on LPS-stimulated IL-6 (A), IL-1β (B) and TNF-α (C) in RAW 264.7 cells. The values represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments and differences between mean values were assessed by Student's t-test. *P <0.05 vs LPS, **P <0.01 vs LPS.
Fig. 5 in Sesquiterpenes from Echinacea purpurea and their anti-inflammatory activities
Fig. 5. NMR calculation results of two plausible stereoisomers of 5 and 6 at the B3LYP/6-311+ G(d,p) level.
Fig. 7 in The CYP74B and CYP74D divinyl ether synthases possess a side hydroperoxide lyase and epoxyalcohol synthase activities that are enhanced by the site-directed mutagenesis
Fig. 7. The unrooted phylogenetic tree of the CYP74 family. Classified CYP74 subfamilies are marked with their letter designations (A, B, C, etc.). Subfamilies consisting of more than one member are outlined with unclosed curves (semi-ellipses). The following CYP74s were used for analysis: As, A. sativum; AsDES (CYP74H1), CAI30435.1; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; AtAOS (CYP74A1), NP199079.1; AtHPL (CYP74B2), C74B2ARATH; Ca, C. annuum; CaHPL (CYP74B1), NP001311810.1; CaDES (CYP74D4), NP001311513.1; Cas, Camellia sinensis; CasHPL (CYP74B24), BAU24783.1; Cs, Cucumis sativus; CsHPL/EAS/AOS (CYP74C31), XP004137005.1; CsHPL/EAS (CYP74C1_Cs), NP001274399.1; Cm, Cucumis melo; CmHPL/EAS (CYP74C2), NP001284390.1; Dc, Daucus carota; DcAOS (CYP74B33), XP_017248700.1; Gm, G. max; GmAOS (CYP74A1), NP001236432.1; GmHPL/EAS (CYP74C13_Gm), KRH29541.1; Hv, Hordeum vulgare, HvAOS2 (CYP74A3), CAB86384.1; Le, L. esculentum; LeAOS1 (CYP74A1), CAB88032.1; LeAOS2 (CYP74A2), AAF67141.1; LeAOS3 (CYP74C3), NP001265949.1; LeHPL (CYP74B3), AAF67142.1; LeDES (CYP74D1), NP001234527.1; Lu, L. usitatissimum; LuAOS (CYP74A1), sp|P48417.1; LuDES (CYP74B16), ADP03054.2; Mp, M. polymorpha, MpAOS1, BAS32647.1; MpAOS2, BAS32648.1; Mt, Medicago truncatula; MtHPL/EAS (CYP74C13_Mt), XP003606860.1; MtHPL3 (CYP74B4), AAY30368.1; Nt, N. tabacum; NtDES (CYP74D3), NP001312606.1; Os, Oryza sativa; OsAOS1 (CYP74A4), XP015631686.1; OsHPL2 (CYP74E1), EAY85033.1; Pa, Parthenium argentatum; PaAOS (CYP74A1), sp| Q40778.2; Pd, Prunus dulcis; PdHPL (CYP74C5), CAE18065.1; Pg, Psidium guajava; PgHPL (CYP74B5), AAK15070.1; Pi, Petunia inflata; PiCYP74C9, ABC75838.1; Pp, P. patens; PpAOS1 (CYP74A1), XP024380613.1; PpAOS2 (CYP74A8), XP024372097.1; PpHPL (CYP74G1), CAC86920.2; Ra, R. acris; RaDES (CYP74Q1), AJU57209.1; Rj, R. japonicus; RjEAS (CYP74A88), QCR70269.1; Sm, S. moellendorffii; SmDES1 (CYP74M1), XP002979266.1; SmDES2 (CYP74M3), XP002964012.2; SmEAS (CYP74M2), EFJ26024.1; St, S. tuberosum; StAOS2 (CYP74A6), ABD15175.1; StAOS3 (CYP74C10), CAI30876.1; StHPL/EAS (CYP74C4), XP006365486.1; StDES (CYP74D2), NP001305517.1; Zm, Zea mays; ZmAOS1 (CYP74A19), AAR33048.1; ZmHPL (CYP74F2), NP_001105255.2. The multiple alignments of selected CYP74 amino acid sequences and phylogenetic tree building were made with MEGA7 software. Multiple alignment was performed using the ClustalW method, phylogenetic tree was build using the maximum likelihood method based on the Poisson correction model (Zuckerkandl and Author- Anonymous, 1965); the bootstrap consensus tree was inferred from 1000 replicates (Felsenstein, 1985). The analysis involved 45 amino acid sequences.
Fig. 6 in The CYP74B and CYP74D divinyl ether synthases possess a side hydroperoxide lyase and epoxyalcohol synthase activities that are enhanced by the site-directed mutagenesis
Fig. 6. The mechanisms of fatty acid hydroperoxide conversions by target DESs. R = HOOC(CH2)7–, R' = n-butyl.
Fig. 10 in Design and chemical synthesis of root gravitropism inhibitors: Bridged analogues of ku-76 have more potent activity
Fig. 10. Inhibitory activity tests of gravitropic bending and elongation for benzocarbocyclic analogues 2 (50 μM, unless otherwise noted). Data for gravitropic bending (left) and elongation (right) represent mean ± SD. Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences between treatments and controls at p <0.05 (Dunnett's test, n = 7).
Fig. 4 in The CYP74B and CYP74D divinyl ether synthases possess a side hydroperoxide lyase and epoxyalcohol synthase activities that are enhanced by the site-directed mutagenesis
Fig. 4. GC-MS analyses of products (Me/TMS) of recombinant WT LuDES incubations with 9(S)-HPOD (A), 9(S)-HPOT (B), 13(S)-HPOD (C), and 13(S)- HPOT (D). 2, 9,10-epoxy-11-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid (Me/TMS); 3, 9- hydroxynonanoic acid (Me/TMS); 5, 9,10-epoxy-11-hydroxy-12,15-octadecadienoic acid (Me/TMS); 6, 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid (Me/ TMS); 7, (ω5Z)-etherolenic acid (Me); 8, (9Z)-12-hydroxy-9-dodecenoic acid (Me/TMS); 9, (10E)-12-hydroxy-10-dodecenoic acid (Me/TMS); 10, 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9,15-octadecadienoic acid (Me/TMS); 12, 9-hydroxy- 12,13-epoxy-10-octadecenoic acid (Me/TMS); 13, 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy- 11,15-octadecadienoic acid (Me/TMS); 14, 9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-11-octadecenoic acid (Me/TMS). The structural formulae of products are presented in Fig. 2. 9-HOD/T and 13-HOD/T are decrypted in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 in The CYP74B and CYP74D divinyl ether synthases possess a side hydroperoxide lyase and epoxyalcohol synthase activities that are enhanced by the site-directed mutagenesis
Fig. 3. GC-MS analyses of products (Me/TMS) of recombinant NtDES incubations with 9(S)-HPOD (A), 9(S)-HPOT (B), 13(S)-HPOD (C), and 13(S)- HPOT (D). 1, colneleic acid (Me); 2, 9,10-epoxy-11-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid (Me/TMS); 3, 9-hydroxynonanoic acid (Me/TMS); 4, colnelenic acid (Me); 4a, (3′E)-colnelenic acid (Me); 6, 11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid (Me/TMS). The structural formulae of products are presented in Fig. 2. 9-HOD, (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid; 9-HOT, (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid; 13-HOD, (9Z,11E, 13S)-13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; 13-HOT, (9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-13- hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.