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6,175 results for “Composition”
Data from: A resorbable antibiotic-eluting polymer composite bone void filler for perioperative infection prevention in a rabbit radial defect model
Nearly 1.3 million total joint replacement procedures are performed in the United States annually, with numbers projected to rise exponentially in the coming decades. Although finite infection rates for these procedures remain consistently low, device-related infections represent a significant cause of implant failure, requiring secondary or revision procedures. Revision procedures manifest several-fold higher infection recurrence rates. Importantly, many revision surgeries, infected or not, require bone void fillers to support the host bone and provide a sufficient tissue bed for new hardware placement. Antibiotic-eluting bone void fillers (ABVF), providing both osteoconductive and antimicrobial properties, represent one approach for reducing rates of orthopedic device-related infections. Using a solvent-free, molten-cast process, a polymer-controlled antibiotic-eluting calcium carbonate hydroxyapatite (HAP) ceramic composite BVF (ABVF) was fabricated, characterized, and evaluated in vivo using a bacterial challenge in a rabbit radial defect window model. ABVF loaded with tobramycin eliminated the infectious burden in rabbits challenged with a clinically relevant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (inoculum as high as 107 CFU). Histological, microbiological, and radiographic methods were used to detail the effects of ABVF on microbial challenge to host bone after 8 weeks in vivo. In contrast to the HAP/BVF controls, which provided no antibiotic protection and required euthanasia 3 weeks post-operatively, tobramycin-releasing ABVF animals showed no signs of infection (clinical, microbiological, or radiographic) when euthanized at the 8-week study endpoint. ABVF sites did exhibit fibrous encapsulation around the implant at 8 weeks. Local antibiotic release from ABVF to orthopedic sites requiring bone void fillers eliminated the periprosthetic bacterial challenge in this 8-week in vivo study, confirming previous in vitro results.
Data from: Greater than the sum of the parts: how the species composition in different forest strata influence ecosystem function
The mechanisms underpinning forest biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships remain unresolved. Yet, in heterogeneous forests, ecosystem function of different strata could be associated with traits or evolutionary relationships differently. Here, we integrate phylogenies and traits to evaluate the effects of elevational diversity on above-ground biomass across forest strata and spatial scales. Community-weighted means of height and leaf phosphorous concentration, and functional diversity in specific leaf area exhibited positive correlations with tree biomass, suggesting that both positive selection effects and complementarity occur. However, high shrub biomass is associated with greater dissimilarity in seed mass and multidimensional trait space, while species richness or phylogenetic diversity is the most important predictor for herbaceous biomass, indicating that species complementarity is especially important for understory function. The strength of diversity-biomass relationships increases at larger spatial scales. We conclude that strata- and scale- dependent assessments of community structure and function are needed to fully understand how biodiversity influences ecosystem function.
Data from: Optimizing the genetic composition of a translocation population: incorporating constraints and conflicting objectives
Translocations of threatened species can reduce the risk of extinction from a catastrophic event. For plants, translocation consists of moving individuals, seeds, or cuttings from a native (source) population to a new site. Ideally a translocation population would be genetically diverse and consist of fit founding individuals. In practice, there are challenges to designing such a population, including constraints on the availability of material, and tradeoffs between different goals. We present an approach for designing a translocation population that identifies sets of founders that are optimized according to multiple criteria (e.g., genetic diversity), while also conforming to constraints on the representation of different founders (e.g., propagation success). It uses flexible inputs, including SNP genotypes, matrices of similarity between individuals, and vectors of phenotype data. We apply the approach to a critically endangered plant, Hibbertia puberula subsp. glabrescens (Dilleniaceae), which was genotyped at thousands of SNP loci. The goals of minimizing genetic similarity among the founding individuals and maximizing genetic diversity were largely complementary – populations optimized for one of these criteria were near-optimal for the other. We also performed analyses in which we minimized genetic similarity among founding individuals while imposing selection (against hypothetical deleterious alleles, and against undesirable phenotypes, respectively), and here characterized sharp tradeoffs. This is useful in allowing the benefits of selection to be weighed against 'costs' in terms of genetic similarity. In sum, we present an approach for designing a translocation population that allows flexible inputs, the imposition of realistic constraints, and examination of conflicting goals.
Data from: Mutational analysis of Rab3 function for controlling active zone protein composition at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction
At synapses, the release of neurotransmitter is regulated by molecular machinery that aggregates at specialized presynaptic release sites termed active zones. The complement of active zone proteins at each site is a determinant of release efficacy and can be remodeled to alter synapse function. The small GTPase Rab3 was previously identified as playing a novel role that controls the distribution of active zone proteins to individual release sites at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Rab3 has been extensively studied for its role in the synaptic vesicle cycle; however, the mechanism by which Rab3 controls active zone development remains unknown. To explore this mechanism, we conducted a mutational analysis to determine the molecular and structural requirements of Rab3 function at Drosophila synapses. We find that GTP-binding is required for Rab3 to traffick to synapses and distribute active zone components across release sites. Conversely, the hydrolytic activity of Rab3 is unnecessary for this function. Through a structure-function analysis we identify specific residues within the effector-binding switch regions that are required for Rab3 function and determine that membrane attachment is essential. Our findings suggest that Rab3 controls the distribution of active zone components via a vesicle docking mechanism that is consistent with standard Rab protein function.
Data from: Fabrication and electromagnetic performance of talc/NiTiO 3 composite
In this study, the electromagnetic (EM) performance of talc/NiTiO3 composite was evaluated. The morphology of talc displayed a lamella structure; there were many nanoparticles of NiTiO3 coated on the talc lamella. Thermal destruction occurred, which increased the surface area from 2.51 m2 g−1 to 79.09 m2 g−1 at the calcined stage at 650°C. The presence of NiTiO3 increased dielectric loss and magnetic loss of talc. The calculation of EM wave absorption of talc/NiTiO3 obtained a maximum reflection loss of −11.94 dB at the thickness of 6.85 mm; the optimum thickness for microwave absorption is 6.3–7.3 mm. This study revealed a new approach for fabricating an EM absorber and broadening applications of both talc and NiTiO3 in EM absorption.
Data from: Exotic species enhance response diversity to land-use change but modify functional composition
Two main mechanisms may buffer ecosystem functions despite biodiversity loss. First, multiple species could share similar ecological roles, thus providing functional redundancy. Second, species may respond differently to environmental change (response diversity). However, ecosystem function would be best protected when functionally redundant species also show response diversity. This linkage has not been studied directly, so we investigated whether native and exotic pollinator species with similar traits (functional redundancy) differed in abundance (response diversity) across an agricultural intensification gradient. Exotic pollinator species contributed most positive responses, which partially stabilized overall abundance of the pollinator community. However, although some functionally redundant species exhibited response diversity, this was not consistent across functional groups and aggregate abundances within each functional group were rarely stabilized. This shows functional redundancy and response diversity do not always operate in concert. Hence, despite exotic species becoming increasingly dominant in human-modified systems, they cannot replace the functional composition of native species.
Data from: Prey diversity, prey composition, and predator population dynamics in experimental microcosms
1. Food‐web complexity‐stability relations are central to ecology, and many empirical studies show greater food‐web complexity leads to lower population stability. Here, predator population variability decreased with increasing prey diversity in aquatic microcosm experiments, an example of greater food‐web complexity leading to greater population stability. 2. Prey diversity as well as different sets of prey species within each level of prey diversity produced differences in predator population dynamics, demonstrating the importance of both prey composition and prey diversity in determining predator population stability. 3. Prey diversity can affect predator population dynamics through at least three groups of mechanisms: prey reliability, prey biomass, and prey composition mechanisms. The results suggest that greater prey reliability at higher prey diversities enhances predator stability and provide support for MacArthur (1955).
Data from: Meaningful call combinations and compositional processing in the southern pied babbler
Language's expressive power is largely attributable to its compositionality: meaningful words are combined into larger/higher-order structures with derived meaning. Despite its importance, little is known regarding the evolutionary origins and emergence of this syntactic ability. Although previous research has shown a rudimentary capability to combine meaningful calls in primates, because of a scarcity of comparative data, it is unclear to what extent analog forms might also exist outside of primates. Here, we address this ambiguity and provide evidence for rudimentary compositionality in the discrete vocal system of a social passerine, the pied babbler (Turdoides bicolor). Natural observations and predator presentations revealed that babblers produce acoustically distinct alert calls in response to close, low-urgency threats and recruitment calls when recruiting group members during locomotion. On encountering terrestrial predators, both vocalizations are combined into a "mobbing sequence," potentially to recruit group members in a dangerous situation. To investigate whether babblers process the sequence in a compositional way, we conducted systematic experiments, playing back the individual calls in isolation as well as naturally occurring and artificial sequences. Babblers reacted most strongly to mobbing sequence playbacks, showing a greater attentiveness and a quicker approach to the loudspeaker, compared with individual calls or control sequences. We conclude that the sequence constitutes a compositional structure, communicating information on both the context and the requested action. Our work supports previous research suggesting combinatoriality as a viable mechanism to increase communicative output and indicates that the ability to combine and process meaningful vocal structures, a basic syntax, may be more widespread than previously thought.
Data from: In-situ growing of CoO nanoparticles on g-C3N4 composites with highly improved photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution
CoO/g-C3N4 hybrid catalyst is facilely prepared to be application for photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting by the vacuum rotation-evaporation and in situ thermal method. The physic and chemical properties of CoO/g-C3N4 are determined by a series of characterization methods. The g-C3N4 with 0.6wt% Co loading exhibits the superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity with H2 evolution amount of 23.25 mmol g-1 after 5h. The obtained 0.6 wt% CoO/g-C3N4 can split water to generate 0.39 mmol g-1 H2 without sacrificial agent and noble metal, while the pure g-C3N4 is inactive under the same reaction condition. The remarkably enhancement of photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of CoO/g-C3N4 composites is mainly ascribed to the effective separation of electron-hole pairs and charge transfer. The work extends new chance for design of low-cost g-C3N4 based photocatalysts with high photocatalytic H2 evolution activity from overall water splitting.
Temperature influences pollinator' choice of floral partners independently of community composition
<p>Climate change can impact species interactions by changing the spatial and/or temporal overlap of interaction partners, but interspecific interactions can also vary when partners remain co-located in space and time. Understanding the effects of climate-driven environmental variation, such as rising temperatures, is particularly important for interactions that underlie key ecosystem functions like pollination. However, very little is known about how temperature variation may impact plant-pollinator interaction patterns in the absence of shifts in species presence or abundance, in part because environmental variation across multiple days or sites is often confounded with changing community composition. In this study, we examined the effects of temperature variation on pollinators’ choice of floral partners within near-static ecological communities by sampling interactions at multiple temperatures within individual days—a method that allowed us to disentangle the effects of temperature variation and species turnover on patterns of plant-pollinator interactions. The substantial temperature variation both within and across days in each growing season also enabled us to largely disentangle temperature variation from time-of-day effects. With this sampling protocol, we show that temperature can influence pollinator floral choice independently of changes in species composition. We found differences in the choice of floral resources across pollinator taxa as temperature varied during individual days and further found that bumble bees, but not sweat bees, exhibited this pattern when analyzed independently. We also confirmed that our observed trends were not driven by variation in the number of interactions recorded, the relative abundance of pollinators, or in the overall attractiveness of flowers at different temperatures. We propose that thermal niche partitioning in this system could be driven by physiological and behavioral factors including energetics and competition for specific floral resources at different temperatures. These insights into thermal variation in pollinators’ floral choice contribute to wider understanding of the fine-scale mechanisms through which climate change may impact ecological networks, community resilience, and ecosystem functioning.</p>
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR PRODUCING COMPOSITE WOOD-PLASTIC BOARD MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND FURNITURE PURPOSES
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PRINCIPLES OF VOCABULARY COMPOSITION
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Protein Condensate Atlas from predictive models of heteromolecular condensate composition
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Abstract composition statue
Abstract composition, public art concrete statue object 1970s or 80s @ Ústí nad Labem CZ, private garden • https://goo.gl/maps/x2A9BLhJNdLSDHEz7 Mar 3 2020 photogrammetry scan (24MP, 160 photos) + Reality capture • https://pavelmatousek.cz photos by Aleš Bárta - quality reduced for SketchFab Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Composite dolmen Spunetam - 4
The dolmen is located on Mezetsu ridge (Spunetam group of monuments), Tuapse region, Caucasus, Russia, Middle Bronze Age (4000-2000 BC), Dolmen Culture of Caucasus. The stone tomb is placed on the stone cairn with remains of retaining wall. Sepulcher chamber is built with stone blocks of variable sizes. The most interesting element is the portal hole location and construction. Notice, the portal direction is northward, look for hole in chamber. Группа Спыунетам составной дольмен Плиточный составной дольмен группы Спыунетам (Спунетам) , дольменная культура Кавказа, средняя бронза. Дольмен стоит на хребте Мезецу в Туапсинском районе. Cооружение грубо собрано из плит разной формы и размеров по шаблону типичного кавказского плиточного дольмена, ориентирован отверстием в склон. Главная особенность - отверстие находится в северо-восточном углу камеры, причем захватывает и часть боковой стены. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Pareto Curves for Compositionally Model Checking String Diagrams of MDPs: Supplemental Material
<p>Supplemental material for the paper: Pareto Curves for Compositionally Model Checking String Diagrams of MDPs</p> <p>Submitted to TACAS 2024</p>
Hyperdominance and habitat composition drive reef fish foraging on Atlantic oceanic islands
<p>Spatial and temporal patterns of benthic community structure play a crucial role in shaping reef habitats and have a direct impact on fish foraging dynamics, alongside density-dependence effects on the whole community. In isolated oceanic islands, the relatively low fish species richness often leads to the hyperdominance of a few species and a general reduced trophic redundancy. However, the influence of benthic habitat features and hyperdominant species on foraging selection in oceanic islands has been largely overlooked. This study aimed to investigate, using Remote Underwater Videos (RUVs), whether reef fishes consistently forage on specific habitats across five different oceanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean, especially focusing on the importance of the role of hyperdominant species. We analysed 295 RUVs, within 2m2 areas (3-15 m deep), totalling 49 hours of video. Photoquadrats were utilised to gauge benthic group coverage in the same habitats. Our results revealed five prevalent habitats and six fish trophic groups interacting with reef benthos. The intensity of feeding pressure varied across islands, depending on the diversity of habitats. Herbivores and omnivores exhibited the highest feeding pressure, with omnivores foraging on crustose coralline algae and macroalgae habitats, while herbivores primarily fed on habitats dominated by the epilithic algal matrix. Hyperdominant species forage in multiple habitats, indicating a comparatively high degree of dietary plasticity. Our findings also demonstrated that fish feeding pressure is influenced by both habitat features and fish biomass. Therefore, our study can provide valuable insights for prioritising the management of key species in isolated oceanic reefs.</p>
The effect of Holder pasteurization on the lipid and metabolite composition of human milk
<p>Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for newborn nutrition. When own mother’s milk is not sufficiently available, pasteurized donor human milk becomes a valuable alternative. In this study we analyzed the impact of Holder pasteurization (HoP) on the metabolic and lipidomic composition of HM. Metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of twelve paired HM samples were analysed before and after HoP by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography-MS. Lipidomic analysis enabled the annotation of 786 features in HM out of which 289 were significantly altered upon pasteurization. Fatty acid analysis showed a significant decrease of 22 out of 29 detectable fatty acids. The observed changes were associated to five metabolic pathways. Lipid ontology enrichment analysis provided insight into the effect of pasteurization on physical and chemical properties, cellular components, and functions. Future research should focus on nutritional and/or developmental consequences of these changes.</p>
Dataset for publication Eslam El-Seidy, Mehdi Chougan, Matteo Sambucci, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan, Marco Valente, Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar. (2023). Lightweight alkali-activated materials and ordinary Portland cement composites using recycled polyvinyl chloride and waste glass aggregates to fully replace natural sand. Construction & Building Materials, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130399
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Dataset for publication 7. Eslam El-Seidy, Mehdi Chougan, Yazeed A. AI-Noaimat, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan, Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar. (2024). The impact of waste brick and geo-cement aggregates as sand replacement on the mechanical and durability properties of alkali–activated mortar composites, Results in Engineering, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.101797
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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