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FIGURES 8–13 in Morphological variability of new chrysophyte stomatocyst forming a single-cyst assemblage in a low-conductivity tropical lake in the Guineo-Congolian rainforest

FIGURES 8–13. Stomatocyst #49, Piątek J. observed in SEM: slightly immature stomatocyst. Note the first collar and the second collar indicated by white and grey arrows respectively.

FIGURES 2–7 in Morphological variability of new chrysophyte stomatocyst forming a single-cyst assemblage in a low-conductivity tropical lake in the Guineo-Congolian rainforest

FIGURES 2–7. Stomatocyst #49, Piątek J. observed in SEM: immature stomatocyst. Note the outline of the first collar and the second collar indicated by white and grey arrows respectively.

FIGURE 2 in Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil

FIGURE 2. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola: A. detail of the abaxial surface of entire leaves, B. detail of the adaxial surface of lobed leaves, C. flowering branches, D. detail of the inflorescence, E. detail of a sepal with oil glands, F. lateral and posterior petals, G. androecium with stamens connate at base and enlarged (androecium opened at the stamen opposite to the anterior sepal), H. detail of the gynoecium, I. detail of the samaroid mericarp (based on R.F.Almeida 577).

FIGURE 3 in Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil

FIGURE 3. Map of the distribution of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (circles) and Stigmaphyllon urenifolium (squares).

FIGURE 1 in Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil

FIGURE 1. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola: A. adaxial leaf surface, B. detail of inflorescence, C. detail of flower, D. samaroid mericarp from S. urenifolium (left) and S. caatingicola (right, scale 1 cm), E. detail of stem surface, F. habitat within SDTF in anthropomorphically modified Caatinga (white arrow shows a tree with S. caatingicola climbing) (R.F.Almeida 577, holotype).

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

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Tree abundance in eight 1-ha tropical forest plots in northeastern Costa Rica from 1997-2017

In 1997, four 1-ha plots were established in secondary forests (12-25 yr since establishment on former pasture) in northeastern Costa Rica, in and around La Selva Research Station. In 2005, four additional plots were established, two in 10-yr old sites and two in old growth sites. The dataset contains information for 155,378 trees. Each year, from 1997-2017 all stems with a diameter of breast height ≥ 5 cm were censused in each site within 100 subplots of 10m x 10m. All but a few individuals were identified to species with confirmed identifications by local experts and vouchers. Life form for each species was also recorded as tree (reaching canopy), midtree (midstory tree), treelet (understory tree), shrub, liana, palm, or understory palm. The specimen-based data set contains data for all trees that were alive (not completely dead) and standing in each annual census, including notes on new recruits or damaged trees. Each tree individual is identified by a unique stem identifiation code and each entry has a unique specimen code. Each tree had a unique numbered tag, nailed into the stem. Locations of diameter measurements were painted on each tree to minimize annual variation and field technians had data from the prior year to confirm information for each tree. These were generally taken at 1.3 m height. In cases where a buttress or stilt root caused a stem irregularity, the measurement point was moved upwards beyond any stem irregularity. The diameter measurement for each specimen reflects each year's measurement point.

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Data from: Isotopic niches of tropical birds reduced by anthropogenic impacts: A 100-year perspective

The intensification of land use changes in tropical forests during the 20th century, mainly caused by deforestation for agricultural uses, had an overwhelming influence on bird assemblages. However, how these historical anthropogenic changes have impacted the habitat use and diet of tropical birds is poorly known. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) can be useful in this regard since it provides information not only on the habitat and food resource use but also insights on the dietary niche of species. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether centenary anthropogenic impacts, mainly caused by changes in landscape composition, have affected the resource and habitat use and isotopic niche width of Neotropical birds in a region that comprises two biodiversity hotspots — the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado in southeastern Brazil. We found that the niche width of all bird guilds (frugivore, granivore, insectivore, nectarivore, and omnivore) was largely reduced (28–70%) from the twentieth century until recently. This niche width reduction was likely associated with historical anthropogenic impacts (e.g., fragmentation, forest loss and change in agricultural practices), which are responsible for the decrease in the availability of habitat and food resources. Moreover, the mean values of δ15N decreased over the years in all bird guilds, which might be attributed to the expansion of agricultural areas and the increase in the use of synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizers. All the analyzed species, even though some of them are diet and habitat generalists, were strongly influenced by centenary anthropogenic actions. Our results show the consequences of human-induced changes in land use on the diet and habitat use of tropical birds that persist in fragmented landscapes, which might compromise their long-term survival, and provide useful information to the conservation strategies of bird assemblages in modern landscapes.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

opennotspecifiedJun 2018View details →

Figure 3 in A snapshot of a high density seahorse population in a tropical rocky reef

Figure 3. Population parameters of the seahorse H. reidi at all eight sites around Guaíba Island, Mangaratiba, RJ: (a) operational sex ratio; (b) mean heights (cm) and standard deviations; (c) depth (m).

opennotspecifiedJun 2018View details →

Figure 2 in A snapshot of a high density seahorse population in a tropical rocky reef

Figure 2. Density (ind m−2) of the seahorse H. reidi at all eight sites around Guaíba Island, Mangaratiba, RJ.

opennotspecifiedJun 2018View details →

Figure 4 in A snapshot of a high density seahorse population in a tropical rocky reef

Figure 4. Frequency of occurrence of the seahorse H. reidi in different holdfasts in Guaíba Island, Mangaratiba, RJ.

opennotspecifiedDec 2018View details →

Figure 1 in Polyphagy and florivory prevail in a leaf-beetle community (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inhabiting the canopy of a tropical lowland rainforest in southern Venezuela

Figure 1. Field study of canopy chrysomelids in a lowland Neotropical forest, state of Amazonas, southern Venezuela. (a) Landscape at the study area. (b) Typical intact canopy vegetation. (c) Crane installed in study plot. (d) Aerial trap in Goupia glabra (Goupiaceae) used as the primary method of collection. (e) Feeding marks of Monocesta equestris Clark on Pourouma melinonii (Cecropiaceae). (f) Feeding marks of Sceloenopla maculata (Olivier) on Psittacanthus robustus (Loranthaceae).

opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

Figure 1 in Diet of tropical insectivorous birds in lowland Malaysian rainforest

Figure 1. Map of Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. The reserve is represented by light grey, forest areas surrounding the reserve by dark grey, and non-forest areas by white. Map adapted from Zakaria et al. (2014).

Figure 2 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Figure 2. Agar models in the shape of Eleutherodactylus coqui with thermal couplers inserted. Models were placed on the forest floor (a) and in arboreal vegetation (b) to determine operative body temperatures that hosts encounter in these microhabitats.

Figure 4 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Figure 4. Proportion of the infected adults (a) and the infected juveniles (b) using forest-floor (brown) or arboreal (green) microhabitats that presented different levels of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection intensities (given as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis zoospore genomic equivalents). Above each bar we indicate the number of infected individuals in each category. For example there were only five infected juveniles found in arboreal substrate, and 20% of these had low Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection loads.

Figure 1 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Figure 1. Microhabitats considered in this study: forest floor and curled palm fronds in: (a) the floor, (b) bromeliads on vegetation above ground, and (c) foliage, tree trunks or branches ≥50 cm to 2.5 m above ground.

Figure 3 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs

Figure 3. Variation on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection intensity (zoospore genomic equivalents) among microhabitats used by all individuals (a), adults only (b), males only (c) and juveniles only (d), of Eleutherodactylus coqui. Prevalence of infection in each microhabitat is also observable by comparing percentage of colour versus white on each bar.

Figure 2 in Seasonal and diel variation of shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) on sandbanks of a tropical floodplain river

Figure 2. Seasonal variation of mean number of sergestid (empty bars) and palaemonid (filled bars) shrimp in diurnal (A) and nocturnal (B) samples from sandbanks of the Cinaruco River during 1999 (mean + SE). n= 7, except in November when only six sandbanks were sampled. No samples were taken during January or from July to October. A smoothed hydrograph of the Cinaruco River is superimposed to show water level variation during 1999.

Figure 4 in Seasonal and diel variation of shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) on sandbanks of a tropical floodplain river

Figure 4. Abundance (mean + SE) of Acetes paraguayensis and palaemonids during day and night for variable levels of submerged vegetation (A) and ridge-and-trough topography (B). Absent, moderate and abundant submerged vegetation and ridge-and-trough topography in the sandbanks are represented by black, light grey and dark grey bars, respectively. Plots were generated by pooling all sampling dates and sandbanks.

Figure 3 in Seasonal and diel variation of shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) on sandbanks of a tropical floodplain river

Figure 3. Abundance (mean + SE) of Acetes paraguayensis (empty bars) and palaemonids (filled bars) from sandbanks of the Cinaruco River during 1999 (pooling all sampling dates together) n = 7, except sandbank 3 (sampled only six times).

Figure 1 in Seasonal and diel variation of shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda) on sandbanks of a tropical floodplain river

Figure 1. Locations of sampling sites on Cinaruco River near Laguna Larga (LL). Sampled sandbanks are shown with codes from S1 to S7. This NASA LandSat image was taken during the dry season of 2000.