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Figure 4 in Developmental stages and growth of Pseudocaligus fugu Yamaguti, 1936 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) host-specific to Puffer

Figure 4. Pseudocaligus fugu, copepodid stage. (A) Habitus, dorsal view; (B) rostrum; (C) left caudal ramus, dorsal surface; (D) antennule; (E) antenna; (F) mandible; (G) maxillule; (H) maxilla; (I) maxilliped; (J) postoral process; (K) leg 1, anterior surface; (L) leg 2, anterior surface; (M) leg 3, dorsal view. Scales in mm.

Figure 3 in Developmental stages and growth of Pseudocaligus fugu Yamaguti, 1936 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) host-specific to Puffer

Figure 3. Pseudocaligus fugu, naupliar stages. First (A–D) and second (E–G) stages. (A, E) Habitus, ventral view; (B, F) antennule; (C, G) antenna; (D) mandible. Scales in mm.

Figure 2 in Developmental stages and growth of Pseudocaligus fugu Yamaguti, 1936 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) host-specific to Puffer

Figure 2. Body lengths of developmental stages of Pseudocaligus fugu collected from Nagasaki Prefecture.

Figure 1 in Developmental stages and growth of Pseudocaligus fugu Yamaguti, 1936 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) host-specific to Puffer

Figure 1. Zero-year cultured tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes infected by Pseudocaligus fugu (indicated by small arrows). Scale = 50 mm.

Figure 3 in Infestation by the freshwater cymothoid Artystone trysibia Schioedte (Crustacea, Isopoda): parasite and host behaviour

Figure 3. Relationship between the sizes of the parasite and host in Jenynsia multidentata (non-infested fish: r250.09123; p50.690; infested fish: r250.3790; p50.2689; n59).

Figure 2 in Infestation by the freshwater cymothoid Artystone trysibia Schioedte (Crustacea, Isopoda): parasite and host behaviour

Figure 2. Relationship between the sizes of the parasite and host in Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (non-infested fish: r250.1419; p50.4049; infested fish: r250.2750; p50.3632; n521).

Figure 5 in Infestation by the freshwater cymothoid Artystone trysibia Schioedte (Crustacea, Isopoda): parasite and host behaviour

Figure 5. Infestation of fish by Artystone trysibia in aquaria. The numbers show the observed sequence of establishment of the parasites on Jenynsia multidentata; the letters indicate different cases (drawing of the specimen adapted from Ghedotti 1998).

Figure 4 in Infestation by the freshwater cymothoid Artystone trysibia Schioedte (Crustacea, Isopoda): parasite and host behaviour

Figure 4. Infestation of fish by Artystone trysibia in aquaria. The numbers show the observed sequence of establishment of the parasites on Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys; the letters indicate different cases (drawing of the specimen adapted from Buckup and Reis 1985).

Figure 1 in Infestation by the freshwater cymothoid Artystone trysibia Schioedte (Crustacea, Isopoda): parasite and host behaviour

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the behaviour of parasites and hosts in the infestation experiments. The percentages refer to the behaviours observed in the total of 30 experiments; percentages not enclosed in parentheses refer to the initial behaviours observed.

Figure 6 in Patterns of trophic relationships between planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants on the Mascarene Islands

Figure 6. Test for correlation between endemic planthoppers' diversity recorded on different host plants (endemics, indigenous non-endemic or exotics) and endemic plants' diversity (from La Réunion or La Réunion and Mauritius) within different plant orders.

Figure 5 in Patterns of trophic relationships between planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants on the Mascarene Islands

Figure 5. MCA with widespread species of planthoppers only. The widespread species of Meenoplidae (ME), Delphacidae (DE), Tropiduchidae (TR) and Flatidae (FL) (Figure 5A) are exotic species (Figure 5B). Likewise, the indigenous species of Cixiidae (CI) are closely associated with indigenous non-endemic or endemic plants (Figure 5C). At the sub-classes plant level no particular pattern appears (Figure 5D). Notes: see Figure 2.

Figure 4 in Distal leg morphology, subgenual organs and host detection in Stephanidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

Figure 4. Megischus spp., female. (A) Hind leg, median view. (B) Hind tibia proximally at level of subgenual organ, lateral view. (C) Hind tarsus, tarsomeres 1–3 (different species from the one illustrated in Figure 4A).

Figure 4 in Patterns of trophic relationships between planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants on the Mascarene Islands

Figure 4. MCA with endemic insects on dicotyledons. The planthopper families (Figure 4A) with endemic species (Figure 4B) are distributed essentially on endemic or indigenous nonendemic plants (Figure 4C) except for Issidae (IS) which is associated with indigenous plants but also for some species (Borbonissus spp.) with numerous exotic plants (PEX). At the subclasses plant level no particular pattern appears (Figure 4D). Notes: see Figure 2.

Figure 2 in Patterns of trophic relationships between planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants on the Mascarene Islands

Figure 2. MCA with exotic plants. Delphacidae (DE) and Meenoplidae (ME) (Figure 2A) represented by exotic species (ILR) (Figure 2B) are associated with herbs (h) (Figure 2C) distributed essentially on commelinids monocotyledons (SCOM). Likewise, Flatidae (FL), Ricaniidae (RI) and lssidae (IS) are essentially associated with dicotyledons (Figure 2D). Notes: Planthopper families: CI, Cixiidae; DE, Derbidae; FL, Flatidae; IS, Issidae; KI, Kinnaridae; ME, Meenoplidae; TR, Tropiduchidae; AC, Achilidae; RI, Ricaniidae; DE, Delphacidae. Insect status: IMD, Madagascar; IR; endemic to La Réunion; IM, endemic to

Figure 1 in Distal leg morphology, subgenual organs and host detection in Stephanidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

Figure 1. Schlettererius cinctipes, female, foreleg and mid-leg. (A) Fore leg, median view. (B) Basal part of fore tibia, median view, with dome concealing subgenual organ. (C) Fore tarsus, tarsomeres 2–5. (D) Mid leg, lateral view.

Figure 6 in Distal leg morphology, subgenual organs and host detection in Stephanidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

Figure 6. Parastephanellus sp., female ovipositing. Redrawn after Rodd (1951, figures 1 and 3). Early (top) and late (bottom) stage. X indicates the point of entry of the ovipositor into the wood, triangles the position of the subgenual organs in the different legs.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Gut bacterial communities of Lymantria xylina and their associations with host development and diets

The gut microbiota of insects has a wide range of effects on host nutrition, physiology, and behavior. The structure of gut microbiota may also be shaped by their environment, causing them to adjust to their hosts; thus, the objective of this study was to examine variations in the morphological traits and gut microbiota of Lymantria xylina in response to natural and artificial diets using high-throughput sequencing. Regarding morphology, the head widths for larvae fed on a sterilized artificial diet were smaller than for larvae fed on a non-sterilized host-plant diet in the early instars. The gut microbiota diversity of L. xylina fed on different diets varied significantly, but did not change during different development periods. This seemed to indicate that vertical inheritance occurred in L. xylina mutualistic symbionts. Acinetobacter and Enterococcus were dominant in/on eggs. In the first instar larvae, Acinetobacter accounted for 33.52% of the sterilized artificial diet treatment, while Enterococcus (67.88%) was the predominant bacteria for the non-sterilized host-plant diet treatment. Gut microbe structures were adapted to both diets through vertical inheritance and self-regulation. This study clarified the impacts of microbial symbiosis on L. xylina and might provide new possibilities for improving the control of these bacteria.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Aug 2019View details →

Figure 1 in New distribution record, host plant and notes on natural history of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Figure 1. Distribution map for Tomoplagia rudolphi in Brazil. () earlier records. (*) new record.

opennotspecifiedDec 2008View details →

FIGURE 14. E in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 14. E. costalis, final instar: A. Habitus; B. Mouthparts; C, D. Earthen cells of G. punctiger: C. Intact, D. Partly dissected with the weevil larva visible; E. Final instar of E. costalis with shriveled host remnants behind, isolated from the host earthen cell; F, pupa of E. costalis; grey arrows, abdominal spiracles; black arrow, thoracic spiracle.