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FIGURE 12. E. costalis. A in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 12. E. costalis. A. Mature first instar, which is ready to molt (the second instar is outlined within the teguments of the first instar); B. The larval skin of the first instar; C. Newly molted second instar larva; D. Second instar, which started feeding.

FIGURE 2. E in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 2. E. costalis, head of female, scan electronic micrographs: A. General frontal view; B. Enlarged mouth area; C. Labio-maxillary complex; D. Inner part of galea (arrowed in C) bearing papillae.

FIGURE 5 in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 5. Rates of infestation: dandelions flowers infested by Glocianus punctiger (A) and preimaginal stages of G. punctiger infested by E. costalis (B). Diagrammatic pictures based on Tables 2,3.

FIGURE 8. E in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 8. E. costalis, first-instar: A. Newly hatched, habitus; B-F. Actively feeding larva: B. Caudal end with indicated caudal crown; C. Caudal crown (ventral view); D. Habitus; E. Head in lateral view; F. Head in ventral view; cr, caudal crown; fr, caudal formation; mg, median gut. See text for the abbreviations of the head sensoria on Figs E, F.

FIGURE 11 in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 11. First instar larvae of E. costalis, SEM, (see text for abbreviations): A. Habitus in lateral view (with fine teeth of serration indicated in the inset); B. Habitus in ventral view; C, D. Head in lateral view; E, F. Head in ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 1. Entedon costalis: A, B. Pinned male lectotype: A. Habitus, B. Fore wing; C, D. Fore wings of reared specimens: C. Female, D. Male.

FIGURE 3. E in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 3. E. costalis, experiments on emergence from soil. A, B, E. The container before experiments: A. Frontal view; B, E. Lateral views (E. Enlarged with respective widths of object plates and cardboard stripe); C. The container, when filled with sieved soil particles and the insect is placed into an empty space above (F. Enlarged); D. The container is turned "upside down", so the insect is buried and is about to dig up through the soil (its putative path is marked by white punctuation). Scale bar is 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 9. First instar of G. punctiger superparasitized by E. costalis (eggs and larvae), arrows lead to the images of immature parasitoids imaged after dissection of the larva: solid arrows, the parasitoid eggs, which are visible within the the host's body; dotted arrows, the parasitoid larvae, which are not visible in its image.

FIGURE 4 in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 4. The female of E. costalis on dandelion flowerstalk: A, B. Female probes through the wall of the flowerstalk; C, D. Oviposition of the same female; white arrow, hardened and oxidized dandelion sap in the place of the oviposition hole made by the host weevil female.

FIGURE 10. A, B in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 10. A, B, siblicide in first instars of E. costalis: A. Two larvae imaged when fighting; B. "Winner" and "loser" rivals; C. Enigmatic parasitoid (? braconid wasp) isolated from the egg of G. punctiger: D. Actively feeding first instar larva of E. costalis after adding a drop of ethanol (so the caudal bladder (cb) is condensed); fr, caudal formation.

FIGURE 7. A in Parasitism of Entedon costalis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Glocianus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): an example of intentional discovery of the parasitoid-host association

FIGURE 7. A. Egg of E. costalis within the egg of G. punctiger; B. The egg of G. punctiger with melanized marks caused likely by the parasitoid's ovipositor; D, E. Parasitoid eggs with developing embryo from the host egg with many melanized marks; E. Pre-eclosion first-instar; ch, egg chorion; ec, embryonic cuticle; em, embryo; hm, host haemocytes; ms, median stripe.

FIGURE 1 in Past and present distribution and hosts of Longidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in mainland China

FIGURE 1. The geographical distribution of Longidorus species occurring in China. —location of Longidorus samples (samples from different hosts were frequently obtained from the same location).

FIGURE 4 in Past and present distribution and hosts of Longidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in mainland China

FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of Longidorus. A–E) female anterior region, L. jonesi, L litchii, L. macromucronatus, L. fursti, L. camelliae, respectively. F–J) female posterior region, L. jonesi, L.litchii, L. macromucronatus, L. fursti, L. camelliae, respectively.

FIGURE 3 in Past and present distribution and hosts of Longidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in mainland China

FIGURE 3. Photomicrographs of Longidorus. A–D) female anterior region, L. hangzhouensis, L. henanus, L. fangi, L. pisi, respectively. F–I) female posterior region, L. hangzhouensis, L. henanus, L. fangi, L. pisi, respectively. E: male anterior region of L. pisi. J: male posterior region of L. pisi.

FIGURE 2 in Past and present distribution and hosts of Longidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in mainland China

FIGURE 2. Occurrence and distribution of Longidorus henanus and Longidorus litchii in China.): L. henanus): L. litchii.

FIGURE 1 in New family host and records of Acanthocrios furnarii (Cordero & Vogelsang, 1928) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) from Argentina, and implications in the transmission mechanism of cimicid bugs among birds' nests

FIGURE 1. Probable transmission mechanism of cimicid bugs among birds' nests from Argentina. a, birds that nidificate inside stick nests of Furnariidae and superimposed nests (s); b, birds that nidificate in more than one kind of nests; c, cavitynesting birds on trees; d, stick nests of Psittacidae (Myiopsitta monachus) and superimposed nests (s); e, cavity-nesting birds in earth. Color inside frames of birds' names: brown, hosts of Acanthocrios furnarii; pale green and pale violet, primary builders; pale yellow color, inquilines; orange, hosts and/or places of O. toledoi; light blue, host of Cyanolicimex patagonicus; dark pink, host of Ornithocoris pallidus; light green, hosts of Psitticimex uritui. All relationships among birds (arrows) were extracted from ornithological literature, as well as intraspecific brood parasitism (curved arrows), except some records given in the Appendix. Places of inquiline nests where they were found infested with cimicid bugs are signaled with tick arrows. A list of birds that nidificate in nest boxes was extracted from De la Peña (2005). See explanation in Discussion.

FIGURE 2 in New family host and records of Acanthocrios furnarii (Cordero & Vogelsang, 1928) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) from Argentina, and implications in the transmission mechanism of cimicid bugs among birds' nests

FIGURE 2. Current distribution, avian hosts, and places of Acanthocrios furnarii in Argentina and Uruguay (modified from Turienzo & Di Iorio 2010). 1, Agelaiodes badius (a, in nest of Furnarius rufus); 2, Hirundo rustica erythrogaster (in nest of H. r. erythrogaster); 3, hosts not verified (a, in nests of Furnarius rufus; b, in nest of A. annumbi); 4, Passer domesticus (a, inside nests of F. rufus; b, in nests of P. domesticus); 5, Progne chalybea (a, in nests of F. rufus; b, in nests of P. chalybea); 6, Progne elegans (in nest of P. elegans); 7, Sicalis flaveola pelzelni (a, in nests of F. rufus; b, in nest boxes); 8, Tachycineta leucorrhoa (in nest boxes); 9, Troglodytes aedon (a, in nests of F. rufus; b, in nest boxes); 10, Undetermined bird (in nest of F. rufus); 11, Undetermined Hirundinidae (in nest of F. rufus); 12, Falco sparverius (in nest box). Probable presence of A. furnarii in some provinces is indicated with pp.

FIGURES 136–145 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 136–145. Penis valves of Xyela species: X. curva group, X. julii group (part). Figs 138–139 and 141 reproduced from Blank et al. (2005).

FIGURES 66–85 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 66–85. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. julii group (part). Legend: HT—holotype; PT—paratype.

FIGURES 105–120 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 105–120. Ovipositor sheaths of Xyela species. All figures at same scale. Legend: HT—holotype; NT—neotype; PT—paratype.