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FIG. 5 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 5. Sections of the trunk canal in embiotocids with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Embiotoca jacksoni; (C, D) Micrometrus minimus; (E, F) Phanerodon furcatus; (G, H) Cymatogaster aggregata. Rostral to left. Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F, H) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) and a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are located in the dermis and covered by an epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm.

FIG. 4 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 4. Sagittal section through the trunk canal of the embiotocid Embiotoca jacksoni showing the location of canal neuromasts (n) in the canal segments contained in the lateral line scales (s). Rostral to left. The scales sit within the dermis and beneath the epidermis; the lumen of the canal (llc) is lined by epithelium. The thin dotted line drawn between opposing tips of what appears to be one scale would suggest that the scales sit at a 458 angle within the dermis (see Fig. 2). However, the thicker dashed lines indicate the ends of the tubular canal segment (out of plane of section), which connect the base and roof of each canal segment. Scale bar: 500 lm. Abbreviations: dct, dermal connective tissue; llc, lateral line canal; m, trunk muscle; n, canal neuromast; p, pore; s, scale.

FIG. 3 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 3. Sagittal views of trunk canal in semi-diagrammatic form redrawn from (A) Coombs et al. (1988), but originally published by Weber and Schiewe (1976) and presumably based on a salmonid, and (B) Allis (1889) from his monograph on the anatomy and development of the lateral line system in Amia calva. Rostral is to left. Abbreviations: dct, dermal connective tissue; llc, lateral line canal; n, canal neuromast; p, pore; plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale.

FIG. 2 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 2. Sample of figures from ichthyology and comparative anatomy textbooks depicting the configuration of the lateral line scales and the trunk canal contained within them in sagittal section (rostral to the left). Figures have been redrawn to provide uniform labeling. See text for additional explanation. (A) From Romer and Parsons, 1977 based on Perca sp.; (B) from Barton, 2007; (C) from Helfman et al., 2009; (D) from Weichert, 1958; (E) from Walker and Liem, 1994; (F) from Moyle and Cech, 1982 (originally published by Dijkgraaf, 1962), without indication of the lateral line nerve. Abbreviations: llc, lateral line canal; n, canal neuromast; p, pore (dotted line); plln, posterior lateral line nerve; s, scale; sn, superficial neuromast.

FIG. 1 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 1. Lateral line scales composing the trunk canal. (A) Trunk canal in a damselfish (based on Pristotis obtusirostris). (B) Cleared and stained lateral line scales of P. obtusirostris (¼P. jerdoni, MCZ 54084, 80 mm SL) in the position of the box in A. (C) Lateral line scale from Chromis lepidolepis (MCZ uncat., 58 mm SL) showing the suprascalar pore (solid line) on the scale surface and the infrascalar pore (dotted line) on the underside of the scale. The suprascalar and infrascalar pores represent the anterior and posterior ends (respectively) of the short tubular canal segment within a lateral line scale, which link the canal lumen in adjacent overlapping scales. Abbreviations: isp, infrascalar pore; llc, lateral line canal; ssp, suprascalar pore. B and C President and Fellows of Harvard College.

FIG. 7 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 7. Sections of the trunk canal in pleuronectiform (bothid, pleuronectid) fishes with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Hippoglossoides ellasodon; (C, D) Lyopsetta exilis; (E, F) Glyptocephalus zachirus. Rostral to left. Note that pores are not present (consistent with Voronina, 2009b). Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) in the canal segment within a scale, and include a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are in the dermis, beneath the epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm.

FIG. 6 in New Interpretation of the 3-D Configuration of Lateral Line Scales and the Lateral Line Canal Contained within Them

FIG. 6. Sections of the trunk canal in pomacentrids with semi-diagrammatic representations. (A, B) Abudefduf saxatilis (MCZ 42671); (C, D) Plectroglyphidodon dickii (MCZ 82690); (E, F) Amphiprion ocellaris (neuromasts not visible in plane of section). Rostral to left. Diagrams drawn by tracing histological sections (B, D, F) highlight key anatomical features including the location of each neuromast (n, with domed cupula) in the canal segment within a scale, and include a 3-D representation of one tubular canal segment in a scale. Dotted lines denote the anterior suprascalar pore and the posterior infrascalar pore of the canal segment. Scales are located in the dermis, which is covered by an epidermis (gray); canal lumen is lined with epithelium (gray). Curvature of the scale roof and/or base (black) and separation of tissue layers are preparation artifacts. Scale bars: 500 lm. A and C President and Fellows of Harvard College.

FIG. 8 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 8. Daily rainfall (mm) during the 2018 incubation period and average 15-minute soil saturation (%) at the bottom (solid line) and top (dashed line) of turtle nests (red, n ¼ 6) and haphazard sites (gray, n ¼ 6).

FIG. 6 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 6. Mean (6 range) daily soil temperature (8C) at the depth of the nest chamber center during the 2018 incubation season for turtle nests (n ¼ 6, red) and paired haphazard sites (n ¼ 6, light gray).

FIG. 7 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 7. Diel soil temperature (8C) pattern for turtle nests (n ¼ 6, red line) and paired haphazard sites (n ¼ 6, gray line) measured hourly (points) at depths equivalent to the bottom (A) and top (B) of the nest chambers during the 2018 summer incubation period.

FIG. 2 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 2. Mean (695% confidence interval) hourly soil temperature (8C) at the depth of the nest chamber top (A) and bottom (B) for turtle nests during the 2018 (n ¼ 6) and 2019 (n ¼ 6) incubation period. Nest were laid in sites with a crevice (red line, n ¼ 3), ledge (gray line, n ¼ 5), or flat (black line, n ¼ 4) bedrock morphology.

FIG. 5 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 5. Mean (6 SE) soil saturation (%) recession curves after rainfall events for sections of the turtle nest cavities with 100% hatch success (red line, n ¼ 8) and 0% hatch success (gray line, n ¼ 9) during the 2018 and 2019 incubation periods (A). Mean (6 SE) soil saturation (%) recession curves after rainfall events for turtle nests (red line, n ¼ 6) and paired haphazard sites (gray line, n ¼ 6) during the 2018 incubation period (B).

FIG. 3 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 3. Predicted probability (695% confidence intervals) of turtle egg hatch success (n ¼ 105) in relation to mean daily soil temperature (8C) when variance of percent soil saturation during incubation was high (standard deviation of 20% saturation, gray) compared to low (standard deviation of 10% saturation, red). Mean daily incubation temperature is shown for each turtle egg and black circles represent sample size (1–3 eggs [small circle], 4–6 eggs [medium circle], or 7þ eggs [large circle]).

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FIG. 4 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species

FIG. 4. The number of vertebrae (A) and basihyal teeth (B) reported by Stauffer (2020) for Cosby (CS; yellow), Indian Camp (ICC; blue), and Greenbrier (GB; green) Creeks. Vertebrae counts from peer-reviewed literature are also shown (see the supplement for sources), and, where appropriate, mean (triangle), mode (circle), and/or range (line) are indicated. The dashed line in panel B reflects values that were reported for basihyal tooth count from Cosby Creek in Stauffer (2020) but which were inconsistent with the requested data.

FIG. 1 in Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success

FIG. 1. In a rock barrens landscape in the eastern Georgian Bay region (A), turtles nest in shallow soil deposits underlain by bedrock which can be classified as having either a crevice (B), ledge (C), or flat (D) morphology.

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FIG. 1 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species

FIG. 1. Native distribution of Brook Trout (shaded gray area) in the United States and Canada, with Brook Trout used in our comparative analyses originating from survey locations located in panels A and B. The three streams in Long Island, NY, surveyed by Stauffer and King (2014) are shown in panel A. Panel B shows streams from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) surveyed by Weathers et al. (2019; circles) and Stauffer (2020; diamonds), with the three streams included in both studies symbolized with matching colors (Cosby Creek: yellow; Greenbrier Creek: green; Indian Camp Creek: blue). Streams included in Weathers et al. (2019) but not included in Stauffer (2020) are shown in gray circles.

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FIG. 2 in Phenotypic Variation in Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) at Broad Spatial Scales Makes Morphology an Insufficient Basis for Taxonomic Reclassification of the Species

FIG. 2. First two dimensions of principal components analysis (PCA) of ten meristic traits for five populations of SaLVELinUS. The populations analyzed included the three surveyed by Stauffer (2020) and Weathers et al. (2019) from Cosby (yellow), Greenbrier (green), and Indian Camp (blue) Creeks, collections from Weathers et al. (2019) for 35 additional streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP; gray), and three populations from Long Island, NY described by Stauffer and King (2014; red). Ellipses envelop 95% of variation for each population, and population centroids are indicated by a triangle.

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FIG. 5 in The Walker Scale: Details of a Method for Assessing Beach-Spawning Runs of California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)

FIG. 5. Clutch densities measured following spawning runs at several southern California beaches show a high positive correlation with Walker Scale reports, r ¼ 0.71, df ¼ 33, P, 0.0001 by Spearman Rank correlation.

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FIG. 3 in The Walker Scale: Details of a Method for Assessing Beach-Spawning Runs of California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)

FIG. 3. Two examples of PVC pipe square meter transects deployed during a California Grunion run at Cabrillo Beach. Photos by Michael Schaadt.