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FIGURE 125 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURE 125. Distribution of Drassodella flava sp. nov. (circles), D. guttata sp. nov. (star), D. lotzi sp. nov. (square) and D. maculata sp. nov. (triangle) in southern Africa.
FIGURES 204–209 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 204–209. Habitats of Drassodella species in South Africa: 204 Afromontane forest, habitat of D. amatola sp. nov. (Hogsback, Eastern Cape); 205 Afromontane forest, habitat of D. venda sp. nov. (Lajuma Mountain Retreat, Limpopo); 206 Alpine grassland, habitat of D. guttata sp. nov. (Platberg Nature Reserve, Free State); 207 Coastal fynbos, habitat of D. vasivulva Tucker, 1923 and D. quinquelabecula Tucker, 1923 (De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape); 208 Montane fynbos, habitat of D. septemmaculata (Strand, 1909) (near Worcester, Western Cape); 209 Nama Karoo, habitat of D. purcelli Tucker, 1923 (Anysberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape). Photographs by C. Haddad.
FIGURES 193–196 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 193–196. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella septemmaculata (Strand, 1909): 193 female epigyne, ventral view; 194 same, dorsal view; 195 male palp, ventral view; 196 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.25mm.
FIGURES 131–135 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 131–135. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella montana sp. nov.: 131 female epigyne, dorsal view; 132 same, ventral view; 133 male palp, prolateral view; 134 same, ventral view; 135 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 184–187 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 184–187. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella quinquelabecula Tucker, 1923: 184 female epigyne, ventral view; 185 same, dorsal view; 186 male palp, ventral view; 187 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.25mm.
FIGURES 111–115 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 111–115. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella flava sp. nov.: 111 female epigyne, dorsal view; 112 same, ventral view; 113 male palp, prolateral view; 114 same, ventral view; 115 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 121–124 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 121–124. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella lotzi sp. nov. (121, 122) and D. maculata sp. nov. (123, 124): 121, 123 female epigyne, ventral view; 122, 124 same, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 93–110 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 93–110. Dorsal habitus photographs of Drassodella species in the melana species group: 93, 94 female and male of D. flava sp. nov.; 95, 96 female and male of D. guttata sp. nov.; 97 female of D. lotzi sp. nov.; 98 female of D. maculata sp. nov.; 99, 100 female and male of D. melana Tucker, 1923; 101, 102 female and male of D. montana sp. nov.; 103, 104 female and male of D. tenebrosa Lawrence, 1938; 105, 106 female and male of D. tolkieni sp. nov.; 107, 108 female and male of D. transversa sp. nov.; 109, 110 female and male of D. venda sp. nov. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURES 126–130 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 126–130. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella melana Tucker, 1923: 126 female epigyne, ventral view; 127 same, dorsal view; 128 male palp, prolateral view; 129 same, ventral view; 130 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 116–120 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 116–120. Genitalic morphology of Drassodella guttata sp. nov.: 116 female epigyne, dorsal view; 117 same, ventral view; 118 male palp, prolateral view; 119 same, ventral view; 120 same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 60–77 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 60–77. Female epigynes of Drassodella species in the D. melana species group (60–68) and D. salisburyi species group (69–77) in dorsal view: 60 D. flava sp. nov.; 61 D. guttata sp. nov.; 62 D. lotzi sp. nov.; 63 D. maculata sp. nov.; 64 D. melana Tucker, 1923; 65 D. montana sp. nov.; 66 D. tenebrosa Lawrence, 1938; 67 D. tolkieni sp. nov.; 68 D. transversa sp. nov.; 69 D. venda sp. nov.; 70 D. amatola sp. nov.; 71 D. aurostriata sp. nov.; 72 D. purcelli Tucker, 1923; 73 D. quinquelabecula Tucker, 1923; 74 D. salisburyi Hewitt, 1916; 75 D. septemmaculata (Strand, 1909); 76 D. trilineata sp. nov.; 77 D. vasivulva Tucker, 1923. Abbreviations: AH—anterior hood; FD—fertilisation duct; MS—median septum; STspermatheca(e). Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 51–59 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 51–59. Scanning electron microscope photographs of female (51, 52) and male (55–59) Drassodella guttata sp. nov., and female D. tolkieni sp. nov. (53, 54): 51 epigyne, slightly ventrolateral view; 52 detail of epigynal muscle sigilla; 53 epigyne, dorsal view; 54 detail of glandular pores on spermathecal head; 55 right palp, prolateral view; 56 same, distal end of palp and cymbial scopula; 57 left palp, ventral view; 58 detail of distal end of tegulum, right palp, prolateral view; 59 same, left palp, ventral view. Abbreviations: AH—anterior hood; CD—copulatory duct; CO—copulatory opening; CS—cymbial scopula; DP—dorsal embolic prong; EM—embolus; EMS—epigynal muscle sigilla; LH—lateral hood; MA—median apophysis; MSmedian septum; ST—spermathecae; VP—ventral embolic prong.
FIGURES 78–92 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 78–92. Male palps of Drassodella species of the D. melana species group (78–85) and D. salisburyi species group (86–92) in ventral view: 78 D. flava sp. nov.; 79 D. guttata sp. nov.; 80 D. melana Tucker, 1923; 81 D. montana sp. nov.; 82 D. tenebrosa Lawrence, 1923; 83 D. tolkieni sp. nov.; 84 D. transversa sp. nov.; 85 D. venda sp. nov.; 86 D. amatola sp. nov.; 87 D. aurostriata sp. nov.; 88 D. baviaans sp. nov.; 89 D. quinquelabecula Tucker, 1923; 90 D. salisburyi Hewitt, 1916; 91 D. septemmaculata (Strand, 1909); 92 D. vasivulva Tucker, 1923. Abbreviations as follows: DP—dorsal embolic prong; EMembolus; MA—median apophysis; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; VP—ventral embolic prong. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.
FIGURES 1–4 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 1–4. General habitus photographs of live Drassodella spiders: 1 D. amatola sp. nov. female from Hogsback, Eastern Cape; 2 D. quinquelabecula Tucker, 1923 female from Aardvark Nature Reserve, Western Cape; 3 D. septemmaculata (Strand, 1909) male from Fisherhaven, Western Cape; 4 D. vasivulva Tucker, 1923 male from De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape. Photographs 1, 3, 4 by C. Haddad, 2 by P. Webb.
FIGURES 39–50 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 39–50. Scanning electron microscope photographs of female (39, 41, 44, 46, 48–50) and male (43) Drassodella guttata sp. nov., and female D. tolkieni sp. nov. (40, 42, 45, 47): 39 tarsus III, scopula, ventrolateral view; 40 tarsus II, claws and scopulate setae, lateral view; 41 detail of scopulate setae, ventral view; 42 same, lateral view; 43 tarsus III, detail of tarsal claws and associated setae, arrow indicating tenant setae forming claw tuft; 44 dorsal abdominal feathery setae, arrow indicating white patch composed of dense modified feathery setae; 45 ventral abdominal feathery setae; 46, 47 spinnerets, general view; 48 left ALS, ventral view; 49 left PMS, ventral view; 50 left PLS, ventral view. Abbreviations as follows: Acaciniform gland spigot(s); Cy—cylindrical gland spigot(s); maAmp—major ampullate gland spigot(s); miAmp—minor ampullate gland spigot(s); nu—nubbin(s); Pi—piriform gland spigot(s).
FIGURES 27–38 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 27–38. Scanning electron microscope photographs of male (27, 28, 35–38) and female (29–31, 34) Drassodella guttata sp. nov. and female D. tolkieni sp. nov. (32, 33). 27 femur I, curved long ventral setae, lateral view; 28 femur IV, curved long ventral setae, lateral view; 29 leg II, patellar indentation, retrolateral view; 30 same, detail of lyriform organ; 31 lyriform organ at distal end of tibia II, retrolateral view; 32 metatarsus III with spine, feathery and chemosensory setae, and trichobothria, dorsal view; 33 distal end of metatarsus III, dorsal view; 34 metatarsus III, scopula, prolateral view; 35 distal end of tarsus I, dorsal view; 36 tarsus III, trichobothrium; 37 tarsus I, chemosensory seta; 38 same, tarsal organ. Abbreviations: CS—chemosensory setae; FS—feathery setae; MS—metatarsal stopper; SP—spine; SS—slit sensilla; TC—tarsal claws; TOtarsal organ; TR—trichobothria.
FIGURES 18–26 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 18–26. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Drassodella guttata sp. nov. female (18–21, 24–26) and male (23), and D. tolkieni sp. nov. female (22): 18 posterior half of carapace, dorsal view, indicating fovea, erect and feathery setae, and rebordered concave posterior margin; 19 eye region, dorsal view; 20 feathery setae on posterior carapace margin and coxa IV; 21 same, feathery setae enlarged; 22 chelicerae, ventral view; 23 chelicerae teeth; 24 endites and labium, ventral view; 25 serrula on endites, ventral view; 26 sternum. Abbreviations: CES—promarginal escort seta; ES—erect setae; FS—feathery setae; MHT—maxillar hair tuft.
FIGURES 5–17 in A revision of the endemic South African long-jawed ground spider genus Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Araneae: Gallieniellidae)
FIGURES 5–17. Digital microscope photographs of Drassodella somatic morphology: 5–8 dorsal view of carapace and chelicerae of D. flava sp. nov. female (5), D. guttata sp. nov. male (6), D. transversa sp. nov. male (7) and D. purcelli Tucker, 1923 female (8); 9 D. tenebrosa Lawrence, 1938 female, carapace, lateral view; 10 D. purcelli female, posterodorsal view of carapace, showing pedicel and sclerites; 11 same, ventral pedicel sclerite, ventral view; 12–14 dorsal view of abdomens of D. septemmaculata (Strand, 1909) male (12), D. aurostriata sp. nov. male (13) and D. amatola sp. nov. female (14); 15 D. tenebrosa female, abdomen, anterodorsal view; 16 D. septemmaculata male, abdomen, showing sclerites on venter; 17 D. tenebrosa female, spinnerets, posteroventral view. Abbreviations: AAS—anterior abdominal sclerite; CGS—cylindrical gland spigots; CON—condyle; DPS—dorsal pedicel sclerite; IS—inframamillary sclerite; PB—pleural bars; PES—post-epigastric sclerite; PPS—posterior pleural sclerite; PT—petiole; SC—dorsal scutum; SI—sigillum; VPS—ventral pedicel sclerite.
text-fig. 39. Theropod pelves in left lateral view, illustrating several pelvic characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1, QG 691, and Raath (1990). c, Allosaurus fragilis; modified from Molnar et al. (1990). D, generalized tyrannosaurid; based on Osborn (1916) and ROM 807. E, Segnosaurus galbinensis', redrawn from Barsbold and Maryanska (1990). F, Rahonavis ostromi', based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; il, ilium; ir, iliac ridge; is, ischium; of, obturator foramen; op, obturator process; pf, pubic fenestra; pip, posterior ischial process; pu, pubis. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-e), and 10 mm (f). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 39. Theropod pelves in left lateral view, illustrating several pelvic characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis; based on QG 1, QG 691, and Raath (1990). c, Allosaurus fragilis; modified from Molnar et al. (1990). D, generalized tyrannosaurid; based on Osborn (1916) and ROM 807. E, Segnosaurus galbinensis', redrawn from Barsbold and Maryanska (1990). F, Rahonavis ostromi', based on UA 8656. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bs, brevis shelf; il, ilium; ir, iliac ridge; is, ischium; of, obturator foramen; op, obturator process; pf, pubic fenestra; pip, posterior ischial process; pu, pubis. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-e), and 10 mm (f).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of spectacular spider wasp mimic from Thailand is the first representative of the genus Melanosphecia Le Cerf 1916 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae: Osminiini) to be filmed in the wild
FIGURE 3 Melanosphecia paolo Skowron Volponi sp. nov., male genitalia. Top right corner: fractured saccus before the cover slip was placed.
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