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FIGURE 4 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 4. Genetic relationship of V. scotiaensis sp. nov. with other neolepadines: 28S Bayesian majority-rule consensus phylogeny. Bayesian posterior support and maximum likelihood bootstrap support are respectively shown next to each tree node.

FIGURE 8. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Appendages and trophi. a in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 8. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Appendages and trophi. a: Cirrus I; b: Cirrus II. c Right second maxilla; d: Right maxilla (or maxillule); e: Right mandible, showing modification of the two lower teeth and the inferior angle into a comb-like structure, a characteristic feature of the neolepadines noted in Southward & Newman, (1998: 261). f: Intermediate segment of cirrus VI, showing six pairs of long, simple setae and below these, three pairs of successively shorter, finer setae (setae truncated). g: Uni-articulate caudal appendage. (Note that in these diagrams, the density of the setae on the trophi is reduced). From JC42-F-0396.

FIGURE 2 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 2. Distribution of described species of Neolepadinae. In addition to these eight species, Newman et al. (2006) list at least a further nine taxa to be described. These new taxa are not defined at genus level here, nor is their distribution likely to be complete; they are included to provide an appreciation of the wide distribution of the subfamily. Although primarily from the eastern and southern Pacific Ocean, these undescribed taxa include a form intermediate between Leucolepas and Neolepas from the Indian Ocean Ridge (Newman et al., 2006: 362). It is likely that further neolepadines will be found as the known distribution is a reflection of where sampling regimes have been most active; the apparent absence of neolepadines from the widely sampled mid Atlantic Ridge refugial ecosystems is nonetheless surprising.

FIGURE 1 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 1. Locality diagram. Regional setting of the East Scotia Ridge back-arc basin, some 400–500 kilometres southeast of South Georgia in the Southern Ocean. Vent-field segments E2 and E9 of the ESR (shown by stars) are roughly positioned along a longitudinal line immediately to west of the South Sandwich Islands.

FIGURE 7. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Plate morphology. a in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 7. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis Plate morphology. a: Capitulum (left side, exterior) showing plate arrangement (carina, rostrum and peduncle removed); b: Capitulum (interior) showing plate arrangement; c: Carina (exterior); d: Carina (interior); e: Rostrum (exterior); f: Rostrum (interior). From JC42-F-0396.

FIGURE 10b in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 10b. Ratios of peduncle to capitulum length. Ratios of peduncle to capitulum lengths for the "robust" variety only. The extrapolation shown is a power regression, demonstrating that there is almost no correlation between growth and the ratio between peduncle and capitulum length. Data extracted from Figure 10a for the 14 specimens from JC42-F0122)

FIGURE 6 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 6. Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., external morphology. a: Capitulum (left side, exterior), "gracile" form, peduncle truncated, from JC42-F-0396; b: Capitulum (left side, exterior), more heavily sculpted "robust" form (peduncle truncated), from JC42-F-0122; c: Complete animal (left side, exterior), more heavily sculpted "robust" form, showing a capitulum that is slightly longer than the peduncle, from JC42-F-0122; d: Complete animal (left side, exterior), "gracile" form, from JC42-F-0396; e: Complete animal (left side, exterior), "gracile" form (juvenile), from JC42-F-0396; f: Complete animal (right side, exterior), "gracile" form (adult) showing a peduncle that is at least ten times the length of the capitulum, from JC42-F-0396.

FIGURE 11 in Vulcanolepas scotiaensis sp. nov., a new deep-sea scalpelliform barnacle (Eolepadidae: Neolepadinae) from hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica

FIGURE 11. Benthic Ecology: The V. scotiaensis sp. nov. assemblage at the "Carwash" vent chimney in the E9 vent field (60°02.809S, 29°58904W), East Scotia Ridge Back-Arc Basin. a: Photograph DSCN9734, showing V. scotiaensis sp. nov. as the dominant organism living at this site. a specimen of the decapod Kiwa (arrowed) may be seen above and slightly to the right of the letter 'a'; a larger, pink anemone, Pacmanactis sp. (arrowed), is on the left margin. Image taken by the Scorpio stills camera on Isis, Dive 138. b: Photograph DSCN0191, showing detail of V. scotiaensis sp. nov. in feeding mode with extended, delicate, filamentous cirri. A specimen of the limpet Lepetodrilus sp. was grazing on the exterior of one of the larger peduncles (arrowed). Image taken by the Scorpio stills camera on Isis, Dive 140. Only the 'gracile variety' of V. scotiaensis sp. nov. is present in these two photographs, both taken at circa 2400 metres, where temperatures in the barnacle assemblage zone ranges between 5 and 19°C (Marsh et al., 2012). Scale: diameter of largest peduncle (arrowed) circa 6mm.

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FIG. 3 in The barnacles of Astreopora (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatini/ Scleractinia, Acroporidae): organization plans, host speci®city, species-richness and geographic range

FIG. 3. Hiroa stubbingsi Ross and Newman, 1973 from Astreopora myriophthalma Lamarck, 1816 from Sulawesi, Indonesia (RMNH C 2276): (A) labrum and outlines of mandibular palps; (B) mandibular palp; (C) mandible; (D) maxilla I; (E) maxilla II. Scale bar= 0.1 mm.

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FIG. 1 in The barnacles of Astreopora (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatini/ Scleractinia, Acroporidae): organization plans, host speci®city, species-richness and geographic range

FIG. 1. Distribution of Astreopora (shaded, after Veron 1986, 1993) and known occurrences of Cantellius euspinulosa (D), C. iwayama (E), C. tredecimus, (D) C. pallidus (L), Hiroa stubbingsi (H), Cionophora soongi (*) and C. guillaumae sp. nov. (+). Localities, for sites of collection see results: 1, Red Sea, Gulf of Elat or Aqaba; 2, Red Sea; 3, Red Sea,Yemen; 4, Kenya; 5, Tanzania; 6, Mozambique, Inhaca Island; 7, Seychelles; 8, Mauritius; 9, Reunion; 10, Maldive Islands; 11, Vietnam; 12, Indonesia, Sabah; 13, Indonesia, Sulawesi; 14, Philippines; 15, Taiwan (Soong and Chang, 1983); 16, Japan, Okinawa (Ogawa and Matsuzaki, 1990; Asami and Yamaguchi, 1997); 17, Japan, Kushimoto, 18, Truk Islands (Ollan Island, type locality of Hiroa stubbingsi); 19, Australia, Western Australia; 20, Australia, Darwin; 21, 22, Australia, Great Barrier Reef; 23, Australia, Lord Howe Island; 24, New Caledonia (type locality of Cionophora guillaumae); 25, Vanuatu; 26, Marshall Islands, Enewetok Atoll; 27, Gilbert Islands; 28, Tonga Islands.

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FIG. 2 in The barnacles of Astreopora (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatini/ Scleractinia, Acroporidae): organization plans, host speci®city, species-richness and geographic range

FIG. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of shell and opercular plates of Hiroa stubbingsi Ross and Newman, 1973: (A) exterior of specimen from Sulawesi, Indonesia (RMNH C 2276) with opercular plates in place [see (D) for enlargement of area outlined on (A), and (E) for enlargement of the opercular region]; (B) carinal plate and portion of basis of specimen from Sabah (Borneo) showing grooves in basis into which the radial septa of the wall insert; (C) interior of partially disarticulated wall showing four parietal plates (note the rostrum contributes substantially less to the sheath than the carina despite their comparable widths); (D) radial ridge and marginal teeth of radial septum engaging a longitudinal groove of the basis [enlargement of outlined area in (A)]; (E) enlargement of the opercular plates in situ, illustrating interlocking of the teeth of the occludent margins of the scuta and the rows of pores; (F) articulate opercular valves of a specimen from New Caledonia illustrating the relationships of the large area for insertion of tergal depressor muscles and the relatively large spur of the tergum to the large, dependent limbus adductorum (adductor ridge) of the scutum (a, outer view; b, inner view); (G) disarticulated scuta and terga of a specimen from Sulawesi Indonesia (RMNH C 2276) (a and b, scuta; c and d, terga). Scale bars: (A±C, F, G)= 1 mm; (D, E)=0.1 mm.

Figure 5 in Endorsing Darwin: global biogeography of the epipelagic goose barnacles Lepas spp. (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) proves cryptic speciation

Figure 5. Haplotype genealogy of the COI genes from Lepas anatifera and Lepas testudinata populations, computed with Fitchi. A separation of oceanic regions described in the main text and depicted in Figure 6 can be seen, as well as one global group in L. anatifera. The L. testudinata haplotype recovered from Australia is set apart from the South African haplotypes.

Figure 3 in Endorsing Darwin: global biogeography of the epipelagic goose barnacles Lepas spp. (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) proves cryptic speciation

Figure 3. Phylogenetic (maximum-likelihood and Bayesian) tree based on the analysis of a fragment of the 18S ribosomal gene, including two out-group species. Posterior probabilities and bootstrap values are indicated; where support is maximal, only posterior probabilities are given. A neighbour net constructed in SplitsTrees indicates a clear tree-like signal in the sequence data, in conflict with the data for Lepas anserifera, which led us to analyse mitochondrial loci independently.

Figure 4 in Endorsing Darwin: global biogeography of the epipelagic goose barnacles Lepas spp. (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) proves cryptic speciation

Figure 4. Comparsion of mitochondrial single locus phylogenies based on PhyMl and MrBayes. All major groupings are retrieved from both loci. The faster evolving COI gene provides more intra-group resolution. Bootstrapping values are given above branches; posterior probabilities are given below branches.

Figure 2 in Endorsing Darwin: global biogeography of the epipelagic goose barnacles Lepas spp. (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) proves cryptic speciation

Figure 2. Initial phylogeny based on three genes (18S, 16S, and COI) from a subset of samples from the major oceans (PAUP*, re-confirmed with PhyML and MrBayes). A split in subtypes is found in Lepas anatifera and Lepas australis. The red arrows indicate 'outliers' in L. anatifera and Lepas pectinata. In L. anatifera, these were later found to belong to a global group, whereas in L. pectinata no obvious biogeographic subgroup was found.

Figure 1 in Endorsing Darwin: global biogeography of the epipelagic goose barnacles Lepas spp. (Cirripedia, Lepadomorpha) proves cryptic speciation

Figure 1. Major oceanic current systems and the distribution of Lepas anatifera (blue), Lepas australis (green), and Lepas pectinata (orange, vertically ruled), after Hinojosa et al. (2006). Lepas anatifera is restricted to waters warmer than 15 °C, whereas L. australis is found in cooler water masses.

FIGURE 16. Comparisons between Calantica arcuata n in Epibiotic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) collected by the Kumejima 2009 Expedition, with descriptions of two new species *

FIGURE 16. Comparisons between Calantica arcuata n. sp. (I) and allied species (Group I sensu Newman & Jones, 2011), and between Oxynaspis ryukyuensis n. sp. (N) and allied congeners. A, C. darwini Jones & Hoise, 2009 (redrawn from Jones &Hoise 2009); B, C. pusilla Utinomi, 1970a (redrawn from Utinomi 1970a); C, C. graphica Rosell, 1991 (redrawn from Rosell 1991); D, C. kruegeri Hiro, 1932 (redrawn from Hiro 1932); E, C. studeri (Weltner, 1922) (redrawn from Zevina 1978); F, C. trispinosa Hoek, 1883 (redrawn from Hoek 1883); G, C. eos (Pilsbry, 1907) (redrawn from Pilsbry 1907); H, C. affinis (Broch, 1922) (redrawn from Broch 1922); I, C. arcuata n. sp. (present study, RUMF-ZC-1554); J, Oxynaspis alatae Totton, 1940 (redrawn from Totton 1940); K, Oxynaspis gracilis Totton, 1940 (redrawn from Totton 1940); L, O. celata Darwin, 1852 (redrawn from Darwin 1852); M. O. celata japonica Broch, 1922 (redrawn from Broch 1922); N, O. c. hirtae Totton, 1940 (redrawn from Totton, 1940); O, O. c. indica Annandale, 1909 (redrawn from Totton 1940); P, O. cancellatae Totton, 1940 (redrawn from Totton 1940); Q, O. ryukyuensis n. sp. (present study, (RUMF-ZC-1558). Arrow in I indicates the diagnostic carina in C. arcuata n. sp., u indicates the location of the umbo of the carina in Oxynaspis species. The distal arm indicates the length of carinal margin above the umbo, basal arm indicate length of carinal margin below the umbo (see J). The length ratio of the distal arm to basal arm is a diagnostic character to identify Oxynaspis species.

FIGURE 14 in Epibiotic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) collected by the Kumejima 2009 Expedition, with descriptions of two new species *

FIGURE 14. Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) (RUMF-ZC-1561). A, basal view of shell plates; B. basal view of whole barnacles; C, maxilla; D, maxillule; E, mandible; F, lower margin and inferior angle of mandible; G, mandibular palp; H, labrum. Scale bars in μm, except A, B in mm.

FIGURE 15 in Epibiotic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) collected by the Kumejima 2009 Expedition, with descriptions of two new species *

FIGURE 15. Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) (RUMF-ZC-1561). A, cirrus I; B, anterior ramus of cirrus I; C, cirrus II; D, cirrus III; E, cirrus IV; F, intermediate segment of posterior ramus of cirrus IV; G, intermediate segment of posterior ramus in cirrus VI; H, pedicel of penis Scale bars in μm.

FIGURE 4. Calantica arcuata n in Epibiotic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) collected by the Kumejima 2009 Expedition, with descriptions of two new species *

FIGURE 4. Calantica arcuata n. sp. (holotype, RUMF-ZC-1554). A, maxilla; B, maxillule; C, magnified view of cutting margin of maxillule; D, mandible; E, lower margin and inferior angle of mandible; F, mandibular palp; G, labrum; H, scanning electron microscopy image of complemental male showing carina (c), rostrum (r), scutum (s) and tergum (t). Scale bars in μm.