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Fig. 7 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 7. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659454-BT111, 190 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates and large, curved rods from dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Thin C- and S-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, ¼ of the plate) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Thin C-shaped rods, simple, cross-shaped and irregular plate-like branched rods in the cloaca. G. Table from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. I. Simple rod from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 16 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 4 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm.
Fig. 19 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 19. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) from Acapulco, Mexico and of Selenka's syntype of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (MCZ HOL-743, 160–175 mm long). A. Dorsal view of three specimens. B. Ossicles from dorsal papillae. C. Large tables with circular spire from the anterior cloaca. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 30 mm; B–C = 100 µm.
Fig. 15 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm.
Fig. 14 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 14. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, F, I, Q, T. Specimens with "Dark and White" pattern from Cape Verde (A, B–C, F, I), São Tomé (Q) and Ascension Island (T). D–E, G–H, J–L, O–P (top), R–S. Specimens with "Light and sharp dark" pattern from Cape Verde (D–E, G, H, J–K), Dakar, Senegal (UF 16295) (L), Liberia (N dorsal and ventral view, O except left specimen), Nigeria (P top specimens), São Tomé (R), Libreville, Gabon (S). M, O (left), P (bottom). Specimens with "Dark green and light papillae" pattern from Sierra Leone (M), Liberia (O-left specimen) and Nigeria (P bottom specimen). Photos: A–K, M, S–T by P. Wirtz; L by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection; N–O by T. Collison; P by fishermen NN; Q-R by N. Vasco Rodrigues.
Fig. 21 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 21. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, D–E-bottom, F-top, G–H. Specimens with "Reticulated" pattern from Taboguilla, Panama (Ta210) (A), Perlas Islands, Panama (B), North Chocó, Colombia (C, D–E-bottom dorsal and ventral view, F-top, G–H). D–E-top, I, K–L. Specimens with "Chocolate brown and reddish" pattern from North Choco, Colombia (I, D–E-top-dorsal and ventral view, K-small specimen completely red), and Perlas Islands, Panamá (L, small specimen completely red). J. Specimen with "Chocolate brown and stains" pattern from Mexico. F-bottom. Specimen with "Chocolate brown uniform" pattern from North Chocó, Colombia. M. Preserved juvenile from North Choco, Colombia (original coloration not recorded). N. Juvenile from Mexico, "chocolate brown uniform with yellow papillae" pattern. Photos: F–I by L. Chasqui; L by A. Calderón; J, N by C. Sánchez; A–E, K, M by G. Borrero. Scale bars: B, M = 10 mm; D–E = 30 mm; C, K, N = 20 mm.
Fig. 11 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLPIf212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL-921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Fig. 24 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line.
Fig. 10 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Fig. 6 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 6. Preserved lectotype of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) from Florida, USA (MCZ HOL-509, 190 mm long). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view with original labels. Scale bar = 35 mm. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 5 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatus maculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens.
Fig. 8 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–U, I'. Specimens with "Chips" color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–I), Neguanje, Colombia (J–L), La Guajira, Colombia (M–Q); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (R–U). V–B'. Specimens with "Uniform" pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (V–X), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (A'–B'). C'–K'. Specimens with "Reticulated" pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (C'–E'), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F'), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (G'–I'), La Guajira, Colombia (J'–K'). L'–O'. Specimens with "Black and yellow" pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L'), Magdalena, Colombia (M'–O'). Photos: A–I, Q, V–X, C'–E', L', O' by G. Borrero; R–U by G. Ospina; J–L by E. Acosta; M–P, Y, J'–K' by E. Ortiz; Z, M' by M. González-Wangüemert; G'–I' by J. Gómez; and A'–B', N' by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Fig. 3D in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 3D. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial 16S gene fragment. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that the node was not recovered by a particular method. Specimen ID and color pattern designation as in Fig. 3A. Specimens of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) with unknown color pattern are indicated in black color.
Fig. 3C in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 3C. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial COI-Fr2 gene fragment. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that the node was not recovered by a particular method. Specimen ID and color pattern designation as in Fig. 3A. Specimens of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) from Brazil with unknown color pattern are indicated in black color.
Fig. 3A in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867.
Fig. 1 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations.
Fig. 2 in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 2 (see previous page). Ossicles of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–H. Tables. A. Regular tables present in several parts of the body in the five species (1–2 = lateral view; 3 = top or dorsal view; 4 = ventral view). B. Large, regular tables, only present in I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (lateral view). C. Table with reduced disc, only present in the dorsal body wall of I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) adults (lateral view). D. Large tables with disc and spire modified, only present in the top of the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus – "modified maculatus tables" (lateral view, top view). E. Regular tables present in the ventral body wall and tube feet (top and lateral view). F. Tables with low and incomplete spires, present in the tentacles (top view). G. Tables with circular spire, several pillars, observed in the cloaca of I. fuscus (top and lateral view). H. Large tables with well-developed spires, several pillars forming a very dense and thick crown of spines, present in the mouth membrane and other internal organs (top and lateral view). I–T. Rods. I. Large thin C-shaped rods present in I. macroparentheses. J–K. Thin C, S-shaped rods present in the body wall, papillae and tube feet, and some internal organs. L. Thick C rods and worm-shaped rods present in the dorsal papillae of I. maculatus maculatus and I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). M. Simple rods present in several internal organs. N. Simple rods present in gonads. O. Simple rods present in the tentacles. P. Cross-shaped rods present in the intestine. Q. Branched rods present in several internal organs. R. Irregular plate-like branched rods present mostly in the anterior cloaca. S. Large, curved rods with quadrangular projections in the middle, present in the papillae. T. Large slightly or strongly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, present in the tube feet. U–X. Perforated plates. U. Perforated plates from papillae. V. Perforated plate from tube feet. W. End-plate. X. Tridimensional spheres only observed in the respiratory trees of I. macroparentheses. Photos by G. Borrero.
Fig. 3B in Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus
Fig. 3B. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial COI-Fr1 gene fragment. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that the node was not recovered by a particular method. Specimen ID and color pattern designation as in Fig. 3A. Specimens of I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) with unknown color pattern are indicated in black color.
Linked collectors and determiners for: A new genus and a new species in the sea cucumber subfamily Colochirinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) in the Mediterranean Sea.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "A new genus and a new species in the sea cucumber subfamily Colochirinae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae) in the Mediterranean Sea". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72">https://gbif.org/dataset/b5e15f1c-e028-4aa6-ad2a-4cd8421e2d72</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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